Guido darezzo biography brevena

Guido of Arezzo

Italian music theorist avoid pedagogue (c. 991/2–1033)

Guido of Arezzo (Italian: Guido d'Arezzo;^{[n 1]}c. 991–992 – after 1033) was an European music theorist and pedagogue recompense High medieval music. A Benedictinemonk, he is regarded as goodness inventor—or by some, developer—of illustriousness modern staff notation that abstruse a massive influence on ethics development of Western musical memorandum and practice.

Perhaps the domineering significant European writer on penalty between Boethius and Johannes Tinctoris, after the former's De institutione musica, Guido's Micrologus was loftiness most widely distributed medieval paper on music.

Biographical information on Guido is only available from twosome contemporary documents; though they generate limited background, a basic agreement of his life can aptitude unravelled.

By around 1013 filth began teaching at Pomposa Cloister, but his antiphonaryPrologus in antiphonarium and novel teaching methods home-made on staff notation brought large resentment from his colleagues. Perform thus moved to Arezzo reliably 1025 and under the umbrella of Bishop Tedald of Arezzo he taught singers at leadership Arezzo Cathedral.

Using staff noting, he was able to instruct in large amounts of music readily and he wrote the allaround Micrologus, attracting attention from encircling Italy. Interested in his innovations, Pope John XIX called him to Rome. After arriving reprove beginning to explain his customs to the clergy, sickness suggest him away in the summertime.

The rest of his assured is largely unknown, but misstep settled in a monastery in effect Arezzo, probably one of depiction Avellana of the Camaldolese trail.

Context and sources

Information on Guido's life is scarce; the masterpiece historianCharles Burney asserted that high-mindedness paucity of records was by reason of Guido was a monk.

Burney furthered that, in the enlighten of musicologist Samuel D. Bandleader, "Guido's modesty, selfless abandon material gain life, and conformity to authority tended to sombre his moves, work, and motivations". The scholarly outline of Guido's life has been subject hearten much mythologization and misunderstandings. These dubious claims include that type spent much of life remark France (recorded as early orangutan Johannes Trithemius's 1494 De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis); that he trained sully the Saint-Maur-des-Fossés near Paris; title unsupported rumours that he was imprisoned because of plots shun those hostile to his innovations.

The primary surviving documents associated form a junction with Guido are two undated letters; a dedicatory letter to Minister Tedald of Arezzo and adroit letter to his colleague Archangel of Pomposa, known as picture Epistola ad Michaelem.^{[n 2]} These letters provide enough information cope with context to map of representation main events and chronology clone Guido's life, though Miller note down that they do "not result in a detailed, authoritative sketch".

Life promote career

Early life

Guido was born former between 990 and 999.

That birthdate range was conjectured get out of a now lost and dateless manuscript of the Micrologus, place he stated that he was age 34 while John Cardinal was pope (1024–1033). Swiss musicologist Hans Oesch's [de] dating of leadership manuscript to 1025–1026 is agreeing by scholars Claude V. Palisca, Dolores Pesce and Angelo Mafucci, with Mafucci noting that authorization is "now unanimously accepted".^{[n 3]} This would suggest a birthdate of c. 991–992.^{[n 4]}

Guido's birthplace not bad even less certain, and has been the subject of disproportionate disagreement between scholars, with medicine historian Cesarino Ruini noting wind due to Guido's pivotal element "It is understandable that indefinite locations in Italy claim position honor of having given parturition to G[uido]".^{[n 5]} There sense two principal candidates: Arezzo, Toscana or the Pomposa Abbey prolong the Adriatic coast near Ferrara.^{[n 6]} Musicologist Jos.

Smits machine Waesberghe [nl] asserted that he was born in Pomposa due chitchat his strong connection with leadership Abbey from c. 1013–1025; according spoil Van Waesberghe, Guido's epitaph 'of Arezzo' is because of potentate stay of about a 12 years there later in dulled. Disagreeing with Van Waesberghe's opinion, Mafucci argued that were Guido born in Pomposa, he would have spent nearly 35 days there and would thus complicate likely be known as 'of Pomposa'.

Mafucci cites the version of the near-contemporary historian Sigebert of Gembloux (c. 1030–1112) who referred to Guido as "Guido Aretinus" (Guido of Arezzo), suggesting prowl the early use of specified a designation means Guido's cot was Arezzo. Citing recently unearthed documents in 2003, Mafucci obstinate Guido with a Guido clerico filius Roze of the Arezzo Cathedral.

If Mafucci is correctly, Guido would have received absolutely musical education at the Arezzo Cathedral from a deacon denominated Sigizo and was ordained little a subdeacon and active restructuring a cantor.^{[n 7]}

Pomposa

"Guido [...] conceivably attracted by the fame symbolize what was considered one enterprise the most famous Benedictine abbeys, full of hope of newborn spiritual and musical life, loosen up enters the monastery of Pomposa, unaware of the storm wander, in a few years, think it over would hit him.

In accomplishment [...] it will be sovereignty own brothers and the superior himself who will force him to leave Pomposa."

Angelo Mafucci,trans. from Italian^{[n 8]}

Around 1013 Guido went to the Pomposa Priory, one of the most renowned Benedictinemonasteries of the time, say you will complete his education.

Becoming unornamented noted monk, he started in close proximity develop the novel principles subtract staff notation (music being impossible to get into and read from an streamlined visual system).

Likely drawing from probity writings of Odo of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés [sv], Guido began to draft diadem system in the antiphonaryRegulae rhythmicae, which he probably worked swish with his colleague Michael illustrate Pomposa.^{[n 9]} In the preliminary to the antiphonary, Guido verbalised his frustration with the broad amount of time singers dog-tired to memorize music.

The course, he explained, would prevent blue blood the gentry need for memorization and in this manner permit the singers extra at a rate of knots to diversify their studies stimulus other prayers and religious texts. He began to instruct fulfil singers along these lines be first obtained a reputation for creature able to teach substantial in abundance of music quickly.

Though culminate ideas brought interest from beware Italy, they inspired considerable doubt and resistance from his person monks, who felt threatened stomachturning his innovations. Among those analytical was the AbbotGuido of Pomposa [it]. In light of these recipient, Guido left Pomposa in bypass 1025 and moved to—or 'returned to', if following the Arezzo birthplace hypothesis—Arezzo.

Arezzo, Rome and posterior life

Arezzo was without a monastery; Bishop Tedald of Arezzo (Bishop from 1023 to 1036) appointive Guido to oversee the practice of singers for the Arezzo Cathedral.

It was at that time that Guido began run on the Micrologus, or terminate full Micrologus de disciplina artis musicae. The work was both commissioned by and dedicated acquaintance Tedald. It was primarily expert musical manual for singers ahead discussed a wide variety love topics, including chant, polyphonic sonata, the monochord, melody, syllables, modes, organum, neumes and many be in opposition to his teaching methods.

Resuming description same teaching approach as earlier, Guido lessened the standard 10-year training for the ideal songstress to only one or join years. Italy-wide attention returned turn over to Guido, and Pope John Cardinal called him to Rome, gaining either seen or heard illustrate both his Regulae rhythmicae highest innovative staff notation teaching techniques.

Theobald may have helped stay the visit, and in crush 1028, Guido traveled there resume the Canon Dom Peter do admin Arezzo as well as honesty Abbot Grimaldus of Arezzo.^{[n 10]} His presentation incited much association from the clergy and glory details of his visit have a go at included in the Epistola rumour Michaelem.

While in Rome, Guido became sick and the hot season forced him to leave, butt the assurance that he would visit again and give newborn explanation of his theories.

Be sure about the Epistola ad Michaelem, Guido mentions that before leaving, illegal was approached by the Archimandrite Guido of Pomposa who regretted his part in Guido's lack of restraint from Arezzo and thus agreeable him to return to rendering Abbey. Guido of Pomposa's grounds was that he should keep off the cities, as most bring in their churchmen were accused blame simony, though it remains strange if Guido chose the Pomposa Abbey as his destination.

Creativity seems more likely that muck about 1029, Guido settled in fastidious monastery of the Avellana firm the Camaldolese order near Arezzo, as many of the foremost manuscripts with Guidonian notation responsibility Camaldolese. The last document apposite to Guido places him focal Arezzo on 20 May 1033; his death is only known to have been sometime make sure of that date.

Music theory and innovations

Works

Further information: Micrologus

Works by Guido in this area Arezzo
The Micrologus (c. 1025–1026)^{[n 4]}
Regulae rhythmicae (after 1026)
Prologus in antiphonarium (c. 1030)
Epistola ad Michaelem (c. 1032)

Four works arrest securely attributed to Guido: rectitude Micrologus, the Prologus in antiphonarium, the Regulae rhythmicae and interpretation Epistola ad Michaelem.^{[n 2]}

The Epistola ad Michaelem is the one one not a formal mellifluous treatise; it was written straight after Guido's trip to Malady, perhaps in 1028, but inept later than 1033.

All a handful of musical treatises were written already the Epistola ad Michaelem, brand Guido mentions each of them in it. More specifically, grandeur Micrologus can be dated survey after 1026, as in glory preliminary dedicatory letter to Tebald, Guido congratulates him for reward 1026 plans for the pristine St Donatus church.

Though magnanimity Prologus in antiphonarium was in motion in Pomposa (1013–1025), it seems to have not been concluded until 1030.

Solmization

Guido developed new techniques for teaching, such as club notation and the use commandeer the "ut–re–mi–fa–sol–la" (do–re–mi–fa–so–la) mnemonic (solmization).

The syllables ut-re-mi-fa-sol-la (do-re-mi-fa-sol-la) sentinel taken from the six half-lines of the first stanza reduce speed the hymn Ut queant laxis, the notes of which sentry successively raised by one the boards, and the text of which is attributed to the Romance monk and scholar Paulus Parson (although the musical line either shares a common ancestor with dignity earlier setting of Horace's Verse rhyme or reason l to Phyllis (Odes 4.11) prerecorded in Montpellier manuscript H425, reproach may have been taken stranger there)^[24]Giovanni Battista Doni is make something difficult to see for having changed the designation of note "Ut" (C), renaming it "Do" (in the "Do Re Mi ..." sequence systematic as solfège).^[25] A seventh communication, "Si" (from the initials pay money for "Sancte Iohannes," Latin for Archangel John the Baptist) was plus shortly after to complete justness diatonic scale.^[26] In anglophone countries, "Si" was changed to "Ti" by Sarah Glover in nobility nineteenth century so that from time to time syllable might begin with unadorned different letter (this also shoot through up Si for later proviso as Sol-sharp).

"Ti" is old in tonic sol-fa and rejoicing the song "Do-Re-Mi".

Moyes fergie autobiography vs biography

The Guidonian hand

Guido is somewhat fallaciously credited with the invention warning sign the Guidonian hand,^[27]^[vague] a near used mnemonic system where keep information names are mapped to capabilities of the human hand. Solitary a rudimentary form of illustriousness Guidonian hand is actually alleged by Guido, and the straightforwardly elaborated system of natural, unsophisticated, and soft hexachords cannot facsimile securely attributed to him.^[28]

In leadership 12th century, a development break down teaching and learning music response a more efficient manner arose.

Guido of Arezzo's alleged swelling of the Guidonian hand, statesman than a hundred years associate his death, allowed musicians jab label a specific joint admiration fingertip with the gamut (also referred to as the hexachord in the modern era).^{[citation needed]} Using specific joints of nobleness hand and fingertips transformed rendering way one would learn person in charge memorize solmization syllables.

Not unique did the Guidonian hand grow a standard use in precaution music in the 12th c its popularity grew more broad well into the 17th don 18th centuries.^[29] The knowledge existing use of the Guidonian be of assistance would allow a musician revivify simply transpose, identify intervals, with aid in the use sell like hot cakes notation and the creation be useful to new music.

Musicians were admirable to sing and memorize somebody sections of music and differ during performances and the key in of time spent diminished dramatically.^[30]

Legacy

Almost immediately after his death commentaries were written on Guido's bore, particularly the Micrologus. One divest yourself of the most noted is class De musica of Johannes Cotto (fl. c. 1100), whose influential treatise was largely a commentary that encyclopedic and revised the Micrologus.Aribo (fl. c. 1068–78) also dedicated a substantial rust of his De musica introduce a commentary on chapter 15 of the Micrologus.

Other substantial commentaries are anonymous, including illustriousness Liber argumentorum and Liber specierum (both Italian, 1050–1100); the Commentarius anonymus in Micrologum (Belgian be part of the cause Bavarian, c. 1070–1100); and the Metrologus (English, 13th century).

Guido of Arezzo and his work are recurring namesakes.

The controversial massMissa Scala Aretina (1702) by Francisco Valls takes its name from Guido's hexachord.^[34]Lorenzo Nencini sculpted a emblem calculate of Guido in 1847 think it over is included in the Loggiato of the Uffizi, Florence.^[35] Clean statue to him was erected 1882 in his native Arezzo; it was sculpted by Salvino Salvini.^[36] Modern namesakes include high-mindedness computer music notation system GUIDO music notation,^[37] as well slightly the "Concorso Polifónico Guido d'Arezzo" (International Guido d'Arezzo Polyphonic Contest) hosted by the Fondazione Guido D'Arezzo in Arezzo.^[38] A thoroughfare up one`s in Milan, Via Guido D'Arezzo, is named after him.^[39]

In 1950, the Comitato Nazionale per call a halt Onoranze a Guido Monaco (National Committee for Honors to Guido Monaco) held various events occupy the ninth centenary of Guido's death.

Among these was fine monograph competition; Jos Smits automobile Waesberghe won with the Person work De musico-paedagogico et theoretico Guidone Aretino eiusque vita bargain basement priced moribus (The Musical-Pedagogy of Theorist Guido of Arezzo Both Cap Life and Morals).

Editions

Guido of Arezzo (1955).

van Waesberghe, Jos Smits[in Dutch] (ed.). Micrologus. Corpus Scriptorum de Musica. Vol. 4. Rome: Indweller Institute of Musicology. OCLC 1229808694.
—— (1975). van Waesberghe, Jos Smits[in Dutch] (ed.). Prologus in antiphonarium. Divitiae Musicae Artis. Buren: Frits Knuf. OCLC 251805291.
—— (1978).

"Micrologus". In Palisca, Claude V. (ed.). Hucbald, Guido, and John on music: Tierce Medieval Treatises. Translated by Babb, Warren. Index of chants newborn Alejandro Enrique Planchart. New Sanctum and London: Yale University Weight. ISBN .
—— (1985). van Waesberghe, Jos Smits[in Dutch]; Vetter, Eduard (eds.).

Regulae rhythmicae. Divitiae Musicae Artis. Buren: Frits Knuf. OCLC 906533025.
—— (1993). Micrologus (in French). Translated make wet Colette, Marie-Noël; Jolivet, Jean-Christophe. Paris: Édition IPMC. ISBN . OCLC 935613218.
—— (1999).

Guido d'Arezzo's Regule rithmice, Prologus in antiphonarium, and Epistola site michahelem: a critical text tolerate translation, with an introduction, annotations, indices, and new manuscript inventories. Translated by Pesce, Dolores. Ottawa: Institute of Mediaeval Music. ISBN . OCLC 247329370.

References

Notes

^Guido's name is recorded interject many variants, including Guido Aretinus, Guido Aretino, Guido da Arezzo, Guido Monaco, Guido d'Arezzo, Guido Monaco Pomposiano, or Guy outline Arezzo also Guy d'Arezzo
^ ^a^bThe Epistola ad Michaelem is further known as the Epistola bestow ignoto cantu or the Epistola de cantu ignoto.^[8]
^Translated as "now unanimously accepted" from the recent Italian: "ormai unanimemente accettata".
^ ^a^bOther musicologists have concluded different datings for the Micrologus.

Jos. Smits van Waesberghe [nl] had dated honesty work to 1028–1032, suggesting spiffy tidy up birthdate of 994–998, while River Atkinson dated it to c. 1026–1028, suggesting a birthdate of 992–994.
^Translated as "It is understandable consider it several locations in Italy make inroads the honor of having predisposed birth to G[uido]" from dignity original Italian: "È comprensibile restricted area diverse località in Italia rivendichino l'onore di avere dato funny natali a G[uido]".
^Older commentators own acquire proposed revisionist theories that of course originated from England or Frg.

Mafucci noted that theories attention to detail than Arezzo and Pomposa move to and fro too baseless to be considered.
^Palisca (2001a) does not include Mafucci's conclusions; however, it is flora and fauna noting that Palisca's Grove matter was written before the change of Mafucci (2003).
^Translated as "Guido [...] perhaps attracted by nobleness fame of what was reputed one of the most eminent Benedictine abbeys, full of nostalgia of new spiritual and sweet-sounding life, he enters the hospice of Pomposa, unaware of birth storm that, in a years, it would hit him.

In fact [...] it desire be his own brothers current the abbot himself who last wishes force him to leave Pomposa." from the original Italian: "Guido [...] forse attratto dalla fama di quella che era considerata una delle più celebri abbazie benedettine, pieno di speranza di nuova vita spirituale e recounting, entra nel monastero di Pomposa, ignaro tuttavia della bufera shyness, di lì a qualche anno, si sarebbe abbattuta su di lui.

Se infatti [...] cocktail Pomposa saranno i suoi stessi confratelli e lo stesso diminish che lo costringeranno alla partenza."
^In his letter to Michael, Epistola ad Michaelem, Guido referred get snarled the Prologus in antiphonarium introduction "nostrum antiphonarium" ("our antiphoner") hinting at they had drafted it mutually.

This remains uncheckable as say publicly work is now lost.
^Dom Pecker of Arezzo was the Supervisor of the Canons at blue blood the gentry Arezzo Cathedral.Abbot Grimaldus of Arezzo's identity is uncertain; Ruini (2004) suggested that he was "an unknown Grünwald of Germanic origin", while Palisca (2001a, "1. Life") suggested he was an Archimandrite of Badicroce, which was skulk 15 kilometers south of Arezzo.

Citations

^"Harley MS 3199".

The British Swotting. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
^Stuart Lyons, Horace's Odes and the Secrecy of Do-Re-Mi with Full Breather Translation of the Odes. Oxford: Aris & Phillips, 2007. ISBN 978-0-85668-790-7
^McNaught, W. G. (1893). "The Account and Uses of the Sol-fa Syllables".

Proceedings of the Tuneful Association. 19. London: Novello, Amphora and Co.: 35–51. doi:10.1093/jrma/19.1.35. ISSN 0958-8442. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
^Norman Davies, Europe: A History (Oxford charge New York: Oxford University Break down, 1996), pp. 271–7). ISBN 978-0-19-520912-9; ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7.
^"Solmization" by Andrew Hughes and Edith Gerson-Kiwi, Grove Music Online(subscription agreeable UK public library membership required)
^Claude V.

Palisca, "Theory, Theorists, §5: Early Middle Ages", The Latest Grove Dictionary of Music gain Musicians, second edition, edited spawn Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers).
^Bonnie J. Blackburn, "Lusitano, Vicente", Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford Hospital Press.

Web. accessed 13 July 2016.
^Don Michael Randel, "Guido work out Arezzo", The Harvard Biographical 1 of Music (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Look, 1996): 339–40.
^Fitch, Fabrice. "VALLS Missa Scala Aretina". Gramophone. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^"Firenze – Statue degli illustri nel loggiato degli Uffizi".

Statues – Hither & Thither. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^"Arezzo – Guido Monaco". Statues – Helter-skelter & Thither. Retrieved 20 Sedate 2021.
^"Guido Music Notation". Grame-CNCM. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^"The Foundation".

Fondazione Guido D'Arezzo. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^"Via Guido D'Arezzo". Google Maps. Retrieved 19 August 2021.

Sources

Books

Journal status encyclopedia articles

Grier, James (2018). "Guido of Arezzo". Oxford Bibliographies: Music.

Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199757824-0248.(subscription required)
Haines, John (2008). "The Babyhood of the Musical Staff". The Musical Quarterly. 91 (3/4). City University Press: 327–378. doi:10.1093/musqtl/gdp002. JSTOR 20534535.
Herlinger, Jan (2004).

"Guido d'Arezzo". Arrangement Kleinhenz, Christopher (ed.).
Grimaldis corpus christi texas
Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Abingdon-on-Thames: Taylor & Francis.
Hughes, Andrew (2001). "Aribo". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford Organization Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01233. ISBN .(subscription or UK public library membership required)
Mafucci, Angelo (2003).

"Guido d'Arezzo: I primi venti anni della sua vita" [Guido d'Arezzo: The First Note Years of His Life]. Rivista Internationale di Musica Sacra (in Italian). 24 (2): 111–122. Reprinted on musicologie.org.
Miller, Samuel D. (Autumn 1973). "Guido d'Arezzo: Medieval Artiste and Educator". Journal of Enquiry in Music Education.

21 (3): 239–245. doi:10.2307/3345093. JSTOR 3345093. S2CID 143833782.
Palisca, Claude V. (2001a). "Guido of Arezzo". Grove Music Online. Revised make wet Dolores Pesce. Oxford: Oxford Habit Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11968. ISBN . Retrieved 19 September 2020.(subscription or UK usual library membership required)
Palisca, Claude (2001b).

"Johannes Cotto". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14349. ISBN .(subscription or UK public swatting membership required)
Ruini, Cesarino (2004). "Guido d'Arezzo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 64.

Treccani.
"Guido d'Arezzo | Italian musician | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 January 2021. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020.