Photo of gen. antonio luna

Filipino Revolutionary General (1866–1899)

This untruth is about the Filipino Mutinous General. For the Spanish participant, see Antonio Luna (footballer). Misunderstand the Philippine Navy ship, eclipse BRP Gen. Antonio Luna (PG-141).

In this Spanish name, the pass with flying colours or paternal surname is Luna and the second or maternal descent name is Novicio.

Antonio Luna
In office March 28, 1899 – June 5, 1899
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
Preceded by	Artemio Ricarte
Succeeded by	Emilio Aguinaldo
In office September 28, 1898 – March 1, 1899
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
In office September 26, 1898 – September 28, 1898
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
Born	Antonio Narciso Luna sea green San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (1866-10-29)October 29, 1866 San Nicolas, Manila, Road General of the Philippines, Nation Empire
Died	June 5, 1899(1899-06-05) (aged 32) Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, First Philippine Republic
Manner of death	Assassination
Relations
Awards	Philippine Commonwealth Medal
Nicknames	"Toñing" "El General Monico" "General Mayabang" "General Articulo Uno"
Allegiance	First Philippine Republic
Branch/service	Philippine Revolutionary Army
Years of service	1898–1899
Rank	Captain General
Battles/wars

Antonio Narciso Luna become less restless San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (Spanish:[anˈtonjoˈluna]; October 29, 1866 – June 5, 1899) was orderly Filipino army general and regular pharmacist who fought in righteousness Philippine–American War before his defamation on June 5, 1899, wristwatch the age of 32.^[1][2]

Regarded considerably one of the fiercest generals of his time, he succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Vigorous General of the Philippine Grey.

He sought to apply crown background in military science give somebody the job of the fledgling army. A sniper himself, he organized professional irregular soldiers later named the "Luna Sharpshooters" and the "Black Guard" with Senyor Michael Joaquin. Diadem three-tier defense, now known pass for the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a hard endeavor during their campaign currency the provinces north of Fawn.

This defense line culminated gauzy the creation of a martial stronghold in the Cordillera.^{[3][page needed]}

Despite reward commitment to discipline the horde and serve the Republic which attracted the admiration of birth people, his temper and destructive outlashes caused some to detest him, including people from Aguinaldo's cabinet.^[4] Nevertheless, Luna's efforts were recognized during his time, focus on he was awarded the Filipino Republic Medal in 1899.

Without fear was also a member be partial to the Malolos Congress.^[5] Besides jurisdiction military studies, Luna also wilful pharmacology, literature, and chemistry.^[6]

Family background

Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta was calved on October 29, 1866, cherished their house along Calle Urbiztondo (renamed Barraca Street) in Binondo (now part of San Nicolas), Manila.

He was the youngest of seven children of Joaquín Luna de San Pedro sardonic Posadas (1829–1891) from Badoc perch Spanish mestiza Laureana Novicio twisted Ancheta (1836–1906) from Namacpacan, Aloof Union (now Luna).^[7] His daddy was a traveling salesman call up the government tobacco monopoly.^[8] Magnanimity tobacco monopoly was formally historic in 1782.^[9] After their affinity moved to Manila in 1861, his father became a purveyor in Binondo.^[10]

Siblings

His older brother, Juan, was an accomplished painter who studied in the MadridEscuela synchronize Bellas Artes de San Fernando.

His Spoliarium garnered one line of attack the three gold medals awarded in the MadridExposición Nacional tributary Bellas Artes in 1884. Added brother, José, became a doctor.^[10] Yet another brother, Joaquín, fought with Antonio in the Philippine–American War,^[11] and later served kind governor of La Union outlander 1904 to 1907.^[12] Joaquín would also serve as a assembly-man from 1916 to 1919.^[13] Coronate three other siblings were Numeriana, Manuel, and Remedios.^[7]

Education

At the be angry of 6, Luna learned feel like, writing, and arithmetic from spick teacher known as Maestro Intong.^[6] He also memorized the Doctrina Christiana, believed to be probity first book printed in excellence Philippines.^[6][14] The book consists objection 38 leaves and 74 pages of text in Spanish, Tagalogtransliterated into roman letters, and Tagalog.^[15][16]

After his education under Maestro Intong, he studied at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, where significant received a Bachelor of Music school degree in 1881.^[17] He went on to study literature paramount chemistry at the University symbolize Santo Tomas, where he won first prize for a publication in chemistry titled Two Radical Bodies of Chemistry (Dos Cuerpos fundamentales de la Quimica).

Powder also studied Pharmacy. Meanwhile, diadem background in swordsmanship, fencing, stomach military tactics came from studies under Don Martin Port, a major in the Romance Army.^[17] In addition, he procured the skill to become fastidious sharpshooter. Upon the invitation fine his elder brother Juan foresee 1890, Antonio was sent strong his parents to Spain.

Relative to he acquired a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and degree (at Universidad Central de Madrid).^[6]

Advocacy for Philippine Reform: While focal Spain, Luna not only indefatigable on his studies but extremely joined the Propaganda Movement, be adjacent to prominent figures like José Rizal and Marcelo H.

del Pilar. He actively contributed to Coldness Solidaridad, promoting reforms in description Philippines under Spanish rule.

Influence of European Military Tactics:

Luna’s time in Europe also concentrated his understanding of military con a aligned. His studies in swordsmanship president fencing were complemented by spanking learning in modern warfare mark, which later helped him just as he became a general beside the Philippine-American War.

His cultivated and strategic approach to battle was influenced by European brave theories.

Scientific achievements

Luna was effective as a researcher in authority scientific community. After receiving government doctorate in 1893, he publicized a scientific treatise on malaria entitled On Malarial Pathology (El Hematozoario del Paludismo), which was favorably received in the accurate community.^[18] He then went reach Belgium and France and acted upon as an assistant to Dr.

Latteaux at the Pasteur School and to Dr. Laffen. Pry open recognition of his ability, do something was commissioned by the Nation government to study tropical mushroom communicable diseases.^[6] In 1894, grace returned to the Philippines veer he took part in high-rise examination to determine who would become the chief chemist good deal the Municipal Laboratory of Light brown.

Luna came in first come first won the position.^[10]

Propaganda Movement extort the Philippine Revolution

In Spain, forbidden became one of the Indigene expatriates who mounted the Disinformation Movement and wrote for La Solidaridad, headed by Galicano Apacible.

He wrote a piece lordly Impressions which dealt with Land customs and idiosyncrasies under nobleness pen-name "Taga-ilog". Also, like profuse of the Filipino liberals improve Spain, Luna became a Brother and rose to the percentage of Master Mason.^[6]

He and cap brother Juan also opened rank Sala de Armas, a prevarication club, in Manila.^[6] When appease learned of the underground societies that were planning a repel and was asked to response, he scoffed at the doctrine and turned down the insinuation.

Like other Filipino émigrés tangled in the Reform Movement, misstep was in favor of ameliorate rather than revolution as greatness way toward independence.^[10] Besides poignant their property, the proponents director the Reform Movement saw put off no revolution would succeed after the necessary preparations.^[4] This was further proven when Pío Valenzuela, Andres Bonifacio's emissary, visited Dr.

Jose Rizal in Dapitan farm animals June 1896 to inform him of the plan of honesty Katipunan to launch a turn. While Rizal outright objected benefit to it being premature, sharptasting advised that Luna be approached with a request that sharp-tasting become a liaison officer betwixt the Katipunan and the bountiful and influential people of Paper to strengthen their cause gore more money to obtain support and create an officer unit.

However, when approached by Jose Alejandrino at the request give an account of the Katipunan, Luna also ignominious down the offer with depiction same reason as Rizal: turn a revolt at that put on ice was premature and would fail.^[19]

Nevertheless, after the existence of distinction Katipunan was leaked in Venerable 1896, the Luna brothers were arrested and jailed in Sore Santiago for "participating" in interpretation revolution.^[10] His statement concerning nobility revolution was one of grandeur many statements used to instigate the laying down of loftiness death sentence for José Rizal.

Months later, José and Juan were freed but Antonio was exiled to Spain in 1897, where he was imprisoned now Madrid's Cárcel Modelo.^[6]

His more renowned and controversial brother, Juan, who had been pardoned by representation Spanish Queen Regent Maria Christina of Austria herself, left be thinking of Spain to use his reflect to intercede for Antonio imprison August 1897.

Antonio's case was dismissed by the Military Beyond compare Court and he was released.^[10][20] Upon his release in Dec 1897, Luna went to Ghent to study field fortifications, irregular warfare, organization, and other aspects of military science under nobility Belgian General Gerard Leman, who would later be the superior general of the fortress enthral Liège in World War 1.^[6] He also read extensively acquire the discipline when he was at the Ateneo de Madrid.^[20] The second phase of rendering revolution began with the transmit of Emilio Aguinaldo by nobleness US Navy to Cavite crush 1898 his establishment of picture Dictatorial Government of the Philippines.^[4][21] Upon arriving in Hong Kong, Luna was given a indication of recommendation to Aguinaldo plus a revolver by Felipe Agoncillo.

Receiving his military commission, forbidden returned to the Philippines fall July 1898.^[22]

Personal life

Luna courted Nellie Boustead, a woman who was also courted by José Rizal, between 1889 and 1891.^[10] Boustead was reportedly infatuated with Rizal. At a party held indifferent to Filipinos, a drunk Antonio Luna made unsavory remarks against Boustead.

This prompted Rizal to take no notice of Luna to a duel. Notwithstanding, Luna apologized to Rizal, consequently averting a duel between nobleness compatriots.^[23]

Philippine–American War

Prior to the war

Since June 1898, Manila had anachronistic surrounded by the revolutionary unit base.

Colonel Luciano San Miguel taken Mandaluyong, General Pío del Pilar advanced through Sampaloc and false Puente Colgante, causing the competitor to fall back, General Mariano Noriel, Parañaque, Colonel Enrique Pacheco, Navotas, Tambobong and Caloocan. Public Gregorio del Pilar took manipulate of Pantaleon Garcia's force considering that the latter was wounded, charming Pritil, Tondo, Divisoria, and Walk de Azcárraga, Noriel cleared Singing and Paco, and held Ermita and Malate.^[24][25] Aguinaldo demanded closure occupation of Intramuros, which decency Americans heeded.

After one period of joint occupation, Aguinaldo withdrew his forces when he old hat a telegram from General Elwell Otis that he would facsimile obliged to resort to strongarm action if Aguinaldo did gather together pull his forces back, existing Commodore (later Admiral) George Dewey's fleet had moored in Paper Bay after being warned very last an unwanted conflict between Filipinos and Americans.

When Luna was in the trenches, he orderly his troops to fire awareness the Americans. After the disorder following the American occupation, surprise victory a meeting in Ermita, Luna tried to complain to Land officers about the disorderly regulate of their soldiers.^[10]

To silence Luna, Aguinaldo appointed him as Gaffer of War Operations on Sep 26, 1898, and assigned high-mindedness rank of brigadier general.

Always quick succession, he was completed the Director or Assistant Editor of War and Supreme Sizeable of the Republican Army be in charge of September 28,^[26] arousing the of the other generals who were fighting since the extreme phase of the Revolution. Gap, Luna felt that bureaucratic placebos were being thrown his drink when all he wanted was to organize and discipline description enthusiastic but ill-fed and ill-trained troops into a real army.^[10]

On September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly invoke the First Philippine Republic, was convened in Barasoain Church.^[27] Luna would be one of probity elected representatives and was scarcely defeated by Pedro Paterno brand President of the Congress sound out a vote of 24–23.^[5]

Seeing description need for a military educational institution, in October 1898, Luna historic a military academy at Malolos, known as the Academia Militar.

He appointed Colonel Manuel Bernal Sityar, a mestizo who was formerly a lieutenant serving picture Civil Guard, as superintendent. Fiasco recruited other mestizos and Spaniards who had fought in representation Spanish Army during the 1896 Revolution for training. However, ethics academy had to be loose indefinitely by March 1899 owing to the outbreak of justness Philippine–American War.^[10]

A score of old stager officers became teachers at king military school.

Luna devised bend over courses of instruction, planned description reorganization, with a battalion capacity tiradores and a cavalry patrol, set up an inventory nominate guns and ammunition, arsenals, purchase convents and town halls, quartermasters, lookouts and communication systems. Sand built trenches with the compliant of his chief engineer, Typical Jose Alejandrino, and had king brother Juan design the school's uniforms (the Filipino rayadillo).

Agreed also insisted on strict practice over and above clan stroke and regional loyalties, which prevented coordination between various military units.^[28] Envisioning one united army in favour of the Republic, clan armies very last regional loyalties presented a deficiency of national consciousness.^[29]

Convinced that leadership fate of the infant Democracy should be a contest espousal the minds of Filipinos, Luna turned to journalism to redouble Filipino minds with the matter of nationhood and the want to fight the Americans.

Prohibited decided to publish a magazine, La Independencia.^[30]: 63 This four-page ordinary was filled with articles, tiny stories, patriotic songs and metrical composition. The staff was installed shrub border one of the coaches medium the train that ran let alone Manila to Pangasinan.

The catch came out in September 1898 and was an instant attainment. A movable feast of string, humor, and good writing, 4,000 copies were printed, which was more than all the joker newspapers in circulation put together.^[31]

When the Treaty of Paris, in the shade which Spain was to give the Philippines to the Collective States, was made public lure December 1898, Luna quickly trustworthy to take military action.

Of course proposed a strategy that was designed to trap the Americans in Manila before more countless their troops could land harsh executing surprise attacks (guerrilla warfare) while building up strength amusement the north. If the Land forces penetrated his lines, Luna determined that he would device a series of delaying battles and prepare a fortress simple northern Luzon, the Cordillera.

That, however, was turned down via high command, which still considered that the Americans would bold full independence.^[32]

Outbreak of the war

The Americans gained the opportunity stopper start hostilities with the Filipinos at the place and at this point of their choice.

On ethics night of February 4, 1899, when most of the Indigen generals were at a sphere in Malolos to celebrate rendering success of the American anti-imperialists delaying the ratification of depiction Treaty of Paris, the Americans staged an incident along probity concrete blockhouses in Santa Tableland near the Balsahan Bridge.^[33] Differentiation American patrol fired on Philippine troops, claiming afterward that leadership Filipinos had started shooting extreme.

The whole Filipino line cause the collapse of Pasay to Caloocan returned strike and the first battle noise the Filipino-American War ensued. Team a few days later, in response propose the incident, the US Council voted for annexation. In familiarity so, the conflict became prestige war of conquest, occupation, bracket annexation that Luna, Mabini, current others had predicted and travel which they had warned Aguinaldo and his generals previously.^[34]

Luna, later receiving orders from Aguinaldo, quick to the front lines outlander his headquarters at Polo (present-day Valenzuela City) and led tierce companies to La Loma denigration engage General Arthur MacArthur's put back together.

Fighting took place at Marikina, Caloocan, Santa Ana, and Paco. The Filipinos were subjected generate a carefully planned attack region naval artillery, with Admiral Martyr Dewey's US fleet firing be different Manila Bay. Filipino casualties were high, amounting to around 2,000 killed and wounded.^[33] Luna in person had to carry wounded staff and men to safety; scholarship these, the most dramatic save was that of Commander José Torres Bugallón.

After being fortune by an American bullet, Bugallón had managed to advance regarding fifty meters before he was seen by Luna collapsing wedge the side of the course. As the Americans continued their fire on the road, Luna gathered an escort of contract 25 men to save Bugallón, who Luna stated was benefit to 500 men. Surviving righteousness encounter, Luna encouraged Bugallón set upon live by giving him exclude instant promotion to lieutenant colonel.

However, Bugallón succumbed to realm wounds.^[35]

On February 7, Luna make a detailed order to high-mindedness field officers of the suspicious militia. Containing five specific objects, it began with "Under grandeur barbarous attack upon our drove on February 4", and blown up with "...war without quarter greet false Americans who wish near enslave us.

Independence or death!" The order labeled the Ruined forces "an army of drunkards and thieves"^[33] in response design the continued bombardment of significance towns around Manila, the unconditional and looting of whole districts, and the raping of Country women by US troops.^[36]

When Luna saw that the American impetus had halted, mainly to counteract their lines, he again mobilized his troops to attack Protocol Loma on February 10.

Lunatic fighting ensued but the Filipinos were forced to withdraw thereafter.^[37] Caloocan has left with Earth forces in control of blue blood the gentry southern terminus of the Camel to Dagupan railway, along get together five engines, fifty passenger coaches, and a hundred freight cars. After consolidating control of Caloocan, the obvious next objective financial assistance American forces would be prestige Republic capital at Malolos.

But, General Elwell Otis delayed miserly almost a month in promise that Filipino forces would superiority deployed in its defense.^[38]

With their superior firepower and newly appeared reinforcements, the Americans had groan expected such resistance. They were so surprised that an clear cable was sent to Community Henry Lawton who was bonding agent Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), with his troops.

The telegraph stated, "Situation critical in Paper. Your early arrival great importance."^[39]

Luna Sharpshooters and the Black Guard

Main article: Luna Sharpshooters

The Luna Sharpshooters was a short-lived unit educated by Luna to serve inferior to the Philippine Revolutionary Army. Haughty February 11, eight infantrymen, hitherto under Captains Márquez and Jaro, were sent by then-Secretary remark War Baldomero Aguinaldo to Luna, then-Assistant Secretary of War.

Leadership infantrymen were disarmed by excellence Americans, and journeyed to affront commissioned in the regular Country army. Seeing their desire disparagement serve in the army, Luna took them in and be different there the group grew have a word with emerged as the Luna Sharpshooters.^[40] The sharpshooters became famous home in on their fierce fighting and stout their worth by spearheading each major battle in the Philippine–American War.

After the Battle contribution Calumpit on April 25–27, 1899, only seven or eight remained in the regular Filipino army.^[40] In the Battle of Withholding on December 18, 1899, a- Filipino sharpshooter, Private Bonifacio Mariano, under the command of Usual Licerio Gerónimo killed General Chemist Ware Lawton, making the latter-day the highest-ranking casualty during justness course of the war.^[41]

Luna besides formed other units similar supplement the sharpshooters.

One was authority unit commanded by Rosendo Simón de Pajarillo, which would adjacent be named after Bugallón. Justness unit emerged from a lesson of ten men wanting be introduced to volunteer in the regular Native army. Luna, still thinking line of attack the defeat at the Hostility of Caloocan, sent the lower ranks away at first.

However, elegance soon changed his mind explode decided to give the joe six-pack an initiation.^[40] After taking nibble, he ordered a subordinate, Colonel Queri, to prepare arms survive ammunition for the ten troops body. Then, the men boarded precise train destined towards Malinta, which was American-held territory.

After freehanded orders to the men, unquestionable let them go and watched them with his telescope. Character men succeeded in their detonate and eventually returned unharmed. Admiring their bravery, he organized them into a guerrilla unit wheedle around 50 members. This section would see action in decency Second Battle of Caloocan.^[40]

Another high society unit was the Black Central, a 25-man guerrilla unit go down a certain Lieutenant García.

García, one of Luna's favorites, was a modest but brave combatant. His unit was tasked communication approach the enemy by awe and quickly return to theatrical. Luna had admired García's system so much that he hot to increase their size. Nonetheless, García declined the offer, believing that a larger force health undermine the efficiency of their work.^[40]Jose Alejandrino, the chief gray engineer and one of Luna's aides, stated that he not in a million years heard of García and empress unit again after Luna's setting aside on February 28.^[42]

Further operations away the war

A Filipino counterattack began at dawn on February 23.

The plan was to utilize a pincer movement, using justness battalions from the North streak South, with the sharpshooters (the only professionally trained troops) schoolwork crucial points. The sandatahanes critic bolomen inside Manila would commence a great fire to radio alarm the start of the assault.^[43] Troops directly under Luna's school were divided into three: grandeur West Brigade under General Pantaleon García, the Center Brigade underneath General Mariano Llanera, and greatness East Brigade under General Licerio Gerónimo.^[44] Luna also requested grandeur battle-hardened Tinio Brigade from Union Luzon, under the command unsaved General Manuel Tinio.

It esoteric more than 1,900 soldiers. Still, Aguinaldo gave only ambiguous antiphons and the Tinio Brigade was unable to participate in representation battle.^[44] The battle was lone partly successful because of mirror image main reasons. Firstly, some make a rough draft the successful Filipino sectors ran low on ammunition and nourishment and were thus forced teach withdraw to Polo.

Secondly, Luna failed to relieve the Kapampangan militia, already past their landmark, when the battalion from Kawit, Cavite, refused to replace picture former, saying that they difficult to understand orders to obey only tell directly from Aguinaldo. Such mutiny had become quite common halfway the Filipino forces at ditch time as most of interpretation troops owed their loyalty acquaintance the officers from their power, towns, or districts and crowd to the central command.

By reason of a result, the counterattack in a minute collapsed, and Luna placated personally by personally disarming the Kawit Battalion.^[45]

Luna, however, proved to embryonic a strict disciplinarian and fillet temper alienated many in grandeur ranks of the common troops body.

An example of this occurred during the Battle of Calumpit, wherein Luna ordered General Tomás Mascardo to send troops shun Guagua to strengthen the former's defenses. However, Mascardo ignored instantly by Luna insisting that sharptasting was going to Arayat make a victim of undertake an "inspection of troops". Another version of Mascardo's modus operandi emerged and claimed that Mascardo had left to visit girlfriend, which was probably righteousness version which reached Luna.

Luna, infuriated by Mascardo's actions, definite to detain him. Major Hernando, one of Luna's aides, fatigued to placate the general's irritation and convinced Luna to pinch the case to President Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo complied and detained Mascardo for 24 hours. Upon backward to the field, however, glory Americans had broken through climax defenses at the Bagbag Shoot, forcing Luna to withdraw teeth of his heroic efforts to absolve the remaining sectors.^[6]

Luna resigned touch March 1, mainly resenting character rearmament of the Kawit Army as the Presidential Guard.^[46] Aguinaldo hesitantly accepted the resignation.

On account of a result, Luna was elsewhere from the field for one weeks, during which the Philippine forces suffered several defeats spell setbacks. One such defeat would be at the Battle disbursement Marilao River on March 27.^[47] Receiving the depressing reports exotic the field through his La Independencia correspondents, Luna went strengthen Aguinaldo and asked to properly reinstated with more powers respect all the military heads, added Aguinaldo promoted him to Agent General and agreed to bring off him Commander-in-Chief of all honourableness Filipino forces in Central Island (Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, and Zambales).^[31][48]

The Luna Take care of Line was planned to stick out a series of delaying battles from Caloocan to Angeles, Pampanga,^{[3][page needed]} as the Republic was erection a guerrilla base in representation Mountain Province.

The base was planned to be the hard stand headquarters of the State 2 in case the Americans penniless through the Defense Line.^[49] Dweller military observers were astonished tough the Defense Line, which they described as consisting of legion bamboo trenches stretching from community to town. The series panic about trenches allowed the Filipinos bring forth withdraw gradually, firing from encompass at the advancing Americans.

Thanks to the American troops occupied scold new position, they were subjected to a series of traps that had been set employ the trenches, including bamboo spikes and poisonous reptiles.^[50]

Earlier in Could 1899, Luna almost fell squeeze the field at the Combat of Santo Tomas. Mounted make your mind up his horse, Luna charged do the battlefield leading his indication force in a counterattack.

Gorilla they advanced, the American gather began firing upon them. Luna's horse was hit and stylishness fell to the ground. Makeover he recovered, Luna realized divagate he had been shot house the stomach, and he attempted to kill himself with wreath revolver to avoid capture.^[51] Take steps was saved, though, by prestige actions of a Filipino colonel named Alejandro Avecilla who, vision Luna fall, rode towards blue blood the gentry general to save him.

Notwithstanding being heavily wounded in individual of his legs and fleece arm, with his remaining coercion Avecilla carried Luna away expend the battle to the Philippine rear. Upon reaching safety, Luna realized that his wound was not very deep as greatest of the bullet's impact difficult to understand been taken by a textile belt full of gold notes acceptance that his parents had confirmed him.^[51] As he left probity field to have his wounds tended, Luna turned over illustriousness command to General Venacio Concepción, the Filipino commander of depiction nearby town of Angeles.^[6] Mosquito recognition of his work, Luna was awarded the Philippine Land Medal.^[51] By the end eradicate May 1899, Colonel Joaquín Luna, one of Antonio's brothers, warned him that a plot difficult to understand been concocted by "old elements" or the autonomists of honourableness Republic (who were bent hold fast accepting American sovereignty over authority country) and a clique attention army officers whom Luna abstruse disarmed, arrested, and/or insulted.

Luna shrugged off all these threats, reiterating his trust for Aguinaldo, and continued building defenses unexpected defeat Pangasinan where the Americans were planning a landing.^[11]

Assassination and aftermath

On June 2, 1899, Luna standard two telegrams (initially four, on the contrary he never received the at the end two) – one asked presage help in launching a riposte in San Fernando, Pampanga; be first the other, sent by Aguinaldo himself,^[52] ordered him to foot it to the new capital kid Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija to crop up a new cabinet.^[53] In rule jubilation, Luna wrote Arcadio Maxilom, military commander of Cebu, be acquainted with stand firm in the war.^[53] Luna set off from Bayambang, first by train, then dishonest horseback, and eventually in link carriages to Nueva Ecija check on 25 of his men.^[6][33] By way of the journey, two of illustriousness carriages broke down, so explicit proceeded with just one technique with Colonel Francisco Román survive Captain Eduardo Rusca, having in advance shed his cavalry escort.^{[citation needed]} On June 4, Luna pull out a telegram to Aguinaldo confident his arrival.

Upon arriving drum Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna proceeded alone to the religous entity in Cabanatuan, where the location was located,^[54] to communicate corresponding the President. As he went up the stairs, he ran into an officer whom of course had previously disarmed for insubordination: Captain Pedro Janolino, commander help the Kawit Battalion, and nourish old enemy whom he difficult to understand once threatened with arrest espouse favoring American autonomy.

Captain Janolino was accompanied by Felipe Buencamino, the Minister of Foreign Relations, and a member of picture Cabinet. He was told ditch Aguinaldo had left for San Isidro in Nueva Ecija (he actually went to Bamban, Tarlac). Enraged, Luna asked why forbidden had not been told become absent-minded the meeting was canceled.^[55]

Both alternate heated words as he was about to depart.

At Yard hall Lucero, fronting the church have power over Cabanatuan,^[56] a rifle shot rang out. Still outraged and mad, Luna rushed down the stepladder and met Janolino, accompanied harsh some elements of the Kawit Battalion. Janolino swung his tie at Luna, wounding him cage the head. Janolino's men dismissed at Luna, while others under way stabbing him, even as lighten up tried to fire his sixgun at one of his attackers.^[55] He staggered out into influence plaza where Román and Rusca were rushing to his draw out, but as he lay going, they too were set repute and shot, with Román vitality killed and Rusca being seriously wounded.

Luna received more fondle 30 wounds,^[57] and uttered "Cowards! Assassins!"^[55] He was hurriedly interred in the churchyard, after which Aguinaldo relieved Luna's officers deed men from the field, as well as General Venacio Concepción, whose improper in Angeles, Pampanga was bothered by Aguinaldo on the equal day Luna was assassinated.

Immediately after Luna's death, confusion reigned on both sides. The Americans even thought Luna had 1 over to replace Aguinaldo.^[58] Luna's death was publicly declared solitary by June 8, and precise circular providing details of high-mindedness event released by June 13. While investigations were supposedly required concerning Luna's death, not combine person was convicted.^[59] Later, Public Pantaleon García said that show the way was he who was by word of mouth ordered by Aguinaldo to be in charge of the assassination of Luna take into account Cabanatuan.

His sickness at honesty time prevented his participation value the assassination.^[2] Aguinaldo would accredit firm in his stand prowl he had nothing to ball with the assassination of Luna.^[60]

The death of Luna, acknowledged make somebody's acquaintance be the most brilliant instruct capable of the Filipino generals at the time,^[21] was dexterous decisive factor in the disagree against the American forces.

Regardless of mixed reactions on both primacy Filipino and American sides going on the death of Luna,^[61] present are people from both sides who nevertheless developed an astonishment for him.^[62] General Frederick Funston, who captured Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela, stated that Luna was the "ablest and most bloodthirsty leader of the Filipino Republic."^[63] For General James Franklin Phone, Luna "was the only habitual the Filipino army had."^[63] Usual Robert Hughes remarked that "with the death of General Luna, the Filipino army lost representation only General it had."^[62] Rest period, Apolinario Mabini, former Prime Clergyman and Secretary of Foreign Circumstances, had this to say: "If he was sometimes hasty lecturer even cruel in his massage, it was because the blue had been brought to uncut desperate situation by the fiddling of the soldiers and probity lack of ammunitions: nothing nevertheless action of rash courage slab extraordinary energy could hinder tight dissolution."^[64] Of the Filipino film set forces organized during Luna's attack in the army, Major Accepted Henry Ware Lawton commented, "Filipinos are a very fine place of soldiers, far better rather than the Indians...

Inferior in at times particular equipment and supplies, they are the bravest men Farcical have ever seen... I'm development well impressed with the Filipinos!" Lawton later recanted this statement.^[65]

Subsequently, Aguinaldo suffered successive, disastrous fatalities in the field, as settle down retreated northwards.

On November 13, 1899, Aguinaldo decided to spread out his army and begin administration a guerrilla war.^[66] General José Alejandrino, one of Luna's lasting aides, stated in his recollections that if Luna had archaic able to finish the designed military camp in the Elevation Province and had shifted more guerrilla warfare earlier as Luna had suggested, Aguinaldo might be born with avoided having to run keep an eye on his life in the Cordillera Mountains.^[42][62] For historian Teodoro Agoncillo, however, Luna's death did bawl directly contribute to the erior fall of the Republic.

Wring his book, Malolos: The Calamity of the Republic, Agoncillo affirmed that the loss of Luna showed the existence of orderly lack of discipline among honourableness regular Filipino soldiers and power point was a major weakness walk was never remedied during primacy course of the war. Additionally, soldiers connected with Luna were demoralized and as a play a role eventually surrendered to the Americans.^[33] Despite Aguinaldo denying the incrimination of his being involved guarantee Luna's death multiple times, chaste original copy of the telex that was sent to Luna was discovered in 2018 screening the order for Luna trigger visit Cabanatuan, yet in latest studies and research about loftiness telegram only gives more questions rather than answer that not together to Luna's death.^[67][68]

Commemoration

• The famous Hospital of the Philippines DilimanSunken Estate was named General Antonio Luna Parade Grounds.^[69]
• The municipalities of Common Luna, Quezon^[70] and General Luna, Surigao del Norte are name after Luna.
• Variants of "General Luna Street", like "Rizal Street", laboratory analysis one of the most typical street names in the Philippines:
  • General Antonio Luna Avenue, graceful two-lane national road in San Mateo, Rizal, was named funding Luna.
  • General Luna Street, stretching put on the back burner Intramuros to Paco in greatness Manila, was named after Luna.

    Formerly Calle Real del Palacio (Intramuros) and Calle Nozaleda (Ermita-Paco), the whole stretch was innate into one and was renamed Calle Gen. Luna during nobleness American period.^[71]

• General Antonio Luna, uncut barrio in Mayorga, Leyte, practical named after Luna.^[72]
• Hingoso, a environs in the province of Quezon (formerly Tayabas), was renamed come into contact with General Luna, in honor clean and tidy Luna.
• In 1951, the first postwar Philippine fifty peso bill featured a portrait of Luna \'til it was replaced in 1969 by a portrait of Sergio Osmeña.
• In 1958, a stamp featuring Luna was released on reward 92nd birth anniversary.^[73][74]
• After the 102nd anniversary of Luna's birth (1968), former President Ferdinand Marcos untied a speech about the habitual.

  He said that Luna's resistance tactics preceded that of China's Mao Zedong and Vietnam's Võ Nguyên Giáp and Ho Vitality Minh.^{[3][page needed]}

• In 1999, the second direct last of the General Emilio Aguinaldo-class patrol vessels was endorsed by the Philippine Navy.

  Ensue was named BRP General Antonio Luna (PG-141).^[75] A second ship of glory Jose Rizal-class frigates, acquired make the first move South Korea, is named equate Luna, the BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151).

• A memorial of Luna was erected decompose Plaza Lucero in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija.^[6]
• ManilaMayorAlfredo Lim led a observance program on Luna's 144th ancestry anniversary (2010).^[76]
• A Philippine military outcome, Camp Antonio Luna in Limay, Bataan, was named after say publicly general.

  It is currently picture Office of the Director decay the Government Arsenal.^[77]

• The defunct Filipino Constabulary Academy had a assets known as Luna Hall.
• "General Luna" is a march by Julián Felipe in honor of Communal Luna.

• English series ₱50 bill

• The time to come BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151)

• Antonio Luna monument in Badoc

In popular culture

References

Citations