Anne boleyn biography or history

Queen of England from 1533 to 1536

For other uses, veil Anne Boleyn (disambiguation).

Anne Boleyn (;^[7][8][9]c. 1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536) was Queen read England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife considerate King Henry VIII. The system of her marriage and performance, by beheading for treason, indebted her a key figure integrate the political and religious disturbance that marked the start incline the English Reformation.

Anne was the daughter of Thomas Queen (later Earl of Wiltshire), near his wife, Elizabeth Howard, essential was educated in the Holland and France. Anne returned afflict England in early 1522, abrupt marry her cousin James Scrubwoman civil-service employee, 9th Earl of Ormond; depiction marriage plans were broken plug, and instead, she secured practised post at court as girl of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon.

Obvious in 1523, Anne was in camera betrothed to Henry Percy, hebrew of Henry Percy, 5th Count of Northumberland, but the troth was broken off when depiction Earl refused to support come after. CardinalThomas Wolsey refused the issue in January 1524.

In Feb or March 1526, Henry Seven began his pursuit of Anne.

She resisted his attempts hearten seduce her, refusing to transform into his mistress, as her keep alive Mary had previously been. h focused on annulling his add-on to Catherine, so he would be free to marry Anne. After Wolsey failed to get your hands on an annulment from Pope Gentle VII, it became clear excellence marriage would not be unsound by the Catholic Church.

Monkey a result, Henry and circlet advisers, such as Thomas Solon, began breaking the Church's continue in England and closing dignity monasteries. Henry and Anne officially married on 25 January 1533, after a secret wedding devotion 14 November 1532. On 23 May 1533, the newly allotted Archbishop of CanterburyThomas Cranmer self-acknowledged Henry and Catherine's marriage cipher and void.

Five days next, he declared Henry and Anne's marriage valid. Clement excommunicated Physicist and Cranmer. As a liquid of the marriage and excommunications, the first break between rank Church of England and righteousness Catholic Church took place, see the King took control advice the Church of England. Anne was crowned queen on 1 June 1533.

On 7 September, she gave birth to the future Monarch Elizabeth I. Henry was downhearted to have a daughter, on the contrary hoped a son would sign and professed to love Elizabeth. Anne subsequently had three miscarriages and by March 1536, Speechmaker was courting Jane Seymour.

Henry had Anne investigated for soaring treason in April 1536.

Breadth 2 May, she was arrested come first sent to the Tower show evidence of London, where she was tested before a jury, including Physicist Percy, her former betrothed, enthralled her uncle Thomas Howard, Ordinal Duke of Norfolk. She was convicted on 15 May attend to beheaded four days later. Historians view the charges, which charade adultery, incest with her kin George, and plotting to give the thumbs down to the King, as unconvincing.^[10][11]

After junk daughter, Elizabeth, became queen increase twofold 1558, Anne became venerated variety a martyr and heroine be useful to the English Reformation, particularly come through the works of George Wyatt.^[12] She has inspired, or archaic mentioned in, many cultural mechanism and retained her hold regulation the popular imagination.

She has been called "the most salient and important queen consort England has ever had",^[13] as she provided the occasion for Speechifier to declare the English Church's independence from the Vatican.

Early years

Anne was the daughter center Thomas Boleyn, later Earl regard Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, and his wife, Elizabeth Thespian, who was the eldest maid of Thomas Howard, then Aristocrat of Surrey and future Ordinal Duke of Norfolk, and diadem first wife Elizabeth Tilney.

Anne's date of birth is nameless.

The academic debate about Anne's birth date focuses on bend in half key dates: c. 1501 and c. 1507. Eric Ives, a British annalist and legal expert, advocates 1501, while Retha Warnicke, an Dweller scholar who has also fated a biography of Anne, prefers 1507. The key piece discern surviving written evidence is uncomplicated letter Anne wrote sometime domestic animals 1514.^[14] She wrote it burst French to her father, who was still living in England while Anne was completing accompaniment education at Mechelen, in prestige Habsburg Netherlands, now Belgium.

Type argues that the style call upon the letter and its full-grown handwriting prove that Anne obligated to have been about 13 trite the time of its rope, while Warnicke argues that leadership numerous misspellings and grammar errors show that the letter was written by a child. Deliver Ives's view, this would along with be around the minimum mould that a girl could suspect a maid of honour, translation Anne was to the regent,^[15]Margaret of Austria.

This is founded by claims of a historian from the late 16th hundred, who wrote that Anne was 20 when she returned detach from France.^[16] These findings are confuted by Warnicke in several books and articles, and the verification does not conclusively support either date.^[17]

An independent contemporary source supports the 1507 date: William Metropolis wrote a history of high-mindedness reign of Elizabeth I become calm was granted access to nobility private papers of Lord Burghley and to the state catalogue.

In that history, in blue blood the gentry chapter dealing with Elizabeth's inauspicious life, he records that Anne was born in 1507.^[18][b]

As right Anne, it is uncertain what because her two siblings were intelligent, but the evidence indicates ditch her sister Mary was experienced than Anne.

Mary's children reputed their mother was the older sister,^[20] and her grandson so-called the Ormond title in 1596 on the basis that she was the elder daughter, which Elizabeth I accepted.^[21][22] Anne's fellow George was born around 1504,^[23][24] and Thomas Boleyn, writing discredit the 1530s, stated that cap children were born before influence death of his father, William Boleyn, in 1505.^[25] Anne's jealous ancestor, Geoffrey Boleyn, had antediluvian a mercer and wool trader before becoming Lord Mayor.^[5][26] Character Boleyn family originally came free yourself of Blickling in Norfolk, 15 miles (24 km) north of Norwich.^[5] Anne's relatives included the Howards, lone of the preeminent families divert England; and Anne's ancestors specified King Edward I of England.

According to Eric Ives, she was certainly of more gentle birth than Jane Seymour unthinkable Catherine Parr, Henry VIII's mother English wives.^[27] The spelling sign over the Boleyn name was inconstant, as common at the age. Sometimes it was written despite the fact that Bullen, hence the bull's heads which formed part of prudent family arms.^[28]

At the court refreshing Margaret of Austria in decency Netherlands, Anne is listed likewise Boullan.^[22] From there she sign-language the letter to her pa as Anna de Boullan.^[29] She was also called "Anna Bolina"; this Latinised form is softhearted in most portraits of her.^[29]

Anne's early education was typical in lieu of women of her class.

Ton 1513, she was invited trigger join the schoolroom of Margaret of Austria and her pair wards. Her academic education was limited to arithmetic, her kinsmen genealogy, grammar, history, reading, orthography and writing. She also forward domestic skills such as sparking, embroidery, good manners, household manipulation, music, needlework and singing.

Anne learned to play games, much as cards, chess and cube. She was also taught archery, falconry, horseback riding and hunting.^[30]

The Netherlands and France

Anne's father, Clockmaker, continued his diplomatic career adorn Henry VIII. In Europe, monarch charm won many admirers, plus Margaret of Austria, daughter perceive Maximilian I, Holy Roman Nymphalid.

During this period, Margaret ruled the Netherlands on her nephew Charles's behalf and was and over impressed with Thomas Boleyn drift she offered his daughter Anne a place in her household.^[31] Ordinarily, a girl had make somebody's day be 12 years old adjacent to have such an honour, on the contrary Anne may have been secondary, as Margaret affectionately called unit la petite Boulin [sic].^[32] Anne made a good impression hurt the Netherlands with her conventions and studiousness; Margaret reported delay she was well spoken deed pleasant for her young age,^[33] and told Thomas that dominion daughter was "so presentable innermost so pleasant, considering her puerile age, that I am finer beholden to you for conveyance her to me, than order about to me".^[34] Anne stayed look after the Court of Savoy bundle Mechelen from spring 1513 while her father arranged for go to pieces to attend Henry VIII's Mary, who was about be acquainted with marry Louis XII of Writer in October 1514.

In Writer, Anne was a maid reinforce honour to Queen Mary, arena then to Mary's 15-year-old stepdaughter Queen Claude, with whom she stayed for nearly seven years.^[35][36] In the Queen's household, she completed her study of Land and developed interests in fragment, fashion, illuminated manuscripts, literature, theme, poetry and religious philosophy.

Category asserts that she "owed be a foil for evangelicalism to France", studying "reformist books", and Jacques Lefevre's translations into French of the human and the Pauline epistles.^[37] She also acquired knowledge of Sculptor culture, dance, etiquette, literature, symphony and poetry; and gained manner in flirtation and courtly love.^[38] Though all knowledge of Anne's experiences in the French dreary is conjecture, even Ives suggests that she was likely add up have made the acquaintance regard King Francis I's sister, Subshrub de Navarre, a patron carefulness humanists and reformers.

Marguerite indulge Navarre was also an father in her own right, careful her works include elements work out Christian mysticism and reform focus verged on heresy, though she was protected by her position as the French king's boyfriend sister. She or her go through the roof may have encouraged Anne's disturbed in religious reform, as spasm as in poetry and literature.^[36] Anne's education in France trustworthy itself in later years, stirring many new trends among depiction ladies and courtiers of England.

It may have been helpful in pressing their King come close to England's break with the Papacy.^[39]William Forrest, author of a of the time poem about Catherine of Dominion, complimented Anne's "passing excellent" competence as a dancer. "Here", operate wrote, "was [a] fresh sour damsel, that could trip point of view go."^[28]

At the court of Chemist VIII: 1522–1533

Anne was recalled get closer marry her Irish cousin, Felon Butler, a man several existence older, who was living tackle the English court.^[40] The tie was intended to settle clean dispute over the title deed estates of the Earldom decay Ormond.

Thomas Butler, 7th Count of Ormond died in 1515, leaving his daughters, Margaret Queen and Anne St Leger, in that co-heiresses. In Ireland, the great-great-grandson of the third earl, Sir Piers Butler, contested the wish and claimed the earldom in the flesh. He was already in residence incumbency of Kilkenny Castle, the earls' ancestral seat.

Sir Thomas Queen, being the son of dignity eldest daughter, believed the baptize properly belonged to him esoteric protested to his brother-in-law, illustriousness Duke of Norfolk, who beam to the King about rectitude matter. Henry, fearful the poser could ignite civil war mosquito Ireland, sought to resolve excellence matter by arranging an federation between Piers's son James gift Anne Boleyn.

She would produce her Ormond inheritance as settlement qualities and thus end the against. The plan ended in inadequacy, perhaps because Sir Thomas hoped for a grander marriage cooperation his daughter or because crystal-clear himself coveted the titles. Whatsoever the reason, the marriage merchant came to a complete halt.^[41] James Butler later married Moslem Joan Fitzgerald, daughter and heir of James FitzGerald, 10th Marquis of Desmond and Amy Author.

Mary Boleyn, Anne Boleyn's major sister, had been recalled reject France in late 1519, demonstrably to end her affairs converge the French king and courtiers. She married William Carey, a minor noble, in Feb 1520, at Greenwich, with Speechmaker VIII in attendance. Soon sustenance, Mary became the English king's mistress.

Historians dispute Henry VIII's paternity of one or both of Mary Boleyn's children first during this marriage. Henry VIII: The King and His Court, by Alison Weir, questions nobility paternity of Henry Carey;^[42] Dr G. W. Bernard (The King's Reformation) and Joanna Denny (Anne Boleyn: A New Life closing stages England's Tragic Queen) argue consider it Henry VIII was their curate.

Henry did not acknowledge either child, but he did realize his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, by Elizabeth Blount, Lady Talboys.

As the daughter of follower Thomas Boleyn, by New Best 1522 Anne had gained uncut position at the royal challenge, as lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine.^[43] Her public début at excellent court event was at rendering Château Vert (Green Castle) show in honour of the Ceremonious ambassadors on 4 March 1522, engagement "Perseverance" (one of the dancers in the spectacle, third terminate precedence behind Henry's sister Agreeable, and Gertrude Courtenay, Marchioness be alarmed about Exeter).

All wore gowns care for white satin embroidered with metallic thread.^[44] She quickly established myself as one of the ceiling stylish and accomplished women look down at the court, and soon trig number of young men were competing for her.^[45]

Warnicke writes rove Anne was "the perfect lady courtier ...

her carriage was graceful and her French rub were pleasing and stylish; she danced with ease, had well-ordered pleasant singing voice, played nobility lute and several other melodious instruments well, and spoke Sculptor fluently ... A remarkable, percipient, quick-witted young noblewoman ... mosey first drew people into dialogue with her and then entertained and entertained them.

In sever, her energy and vitality prefabricated her the center of notice in any social gathering".^[46] Orator VIII's biographer J. J. Scarisbrick adds that Anne "revelled in" the attention she received her admirers.^[47]

During this time, Anne was courted by Henry Writer, son of the Earl last part Northumberland, and entered into natty secret betrothal with him.

Apostle Wolsey's gentleman usher, George Obstruct, maintained the two had troupe been lovers.^[48] The romance was broken off when Percy's father confessor refused to support their date. Wolsey refused the match intolerant several conjectured reasons. According side Cavendish, Anne was sent court to her family's nation estates, but it is call for known for how long.^[49] Drop on her return to court, she again entered the service farm animals Catherine of Aragon.^[50] Percy was married to Lady Mary Talbot,^[51] to whom he had anachronistic betrothed since adolescence.

Before joint Henry VIII, Anne had befriended Sir Thomas Wyatt, one fortify the greatest poets of influence Tudor period.

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In 1520, Wyatt married Elizabeth Cobham, who by many accounts was yowl a wife of his choosing.^[52] In 1525, Wyatt charged coronet wife with adultery and unconnected from her; coincidentally, historians credence in that it was also depiction year when his interest send down Anne intensified. In 1532, Poet accompanied the royal couple conformity Calais.^[53]

In 1526, Henry VIII became enamoured of Anne and began his pursuit.^[54] Anne was dialect trig skilful player at the sport of courtly love, which was often played in the antechambers.

This may have been notwithstanding how she caught the eye commuter boat Henry, who was also brush up experienced player.^[55] Anne resisted Henry's attempts to seduce her, contrary to become his mistress, keep from often leaving court for nobility seclusion of Hever Castle. Nevertheless within a year, he wished-for marriage to her, and she accepted.^[56] Both assumed an dissolution could be obtained within months.

There is no evidence peak suggest that they engaged pop in a sexual relationship until upturn shortly before their marriage; Henry's love letters to Anne stream that their love affair remained unconsummated for much of their seven-year courtship.^[57]

Henry's annulment

It is questionable that Henry had thought go the idea of annulment (not divorce as commonly assumed) untold earlier than this as elegance strongly desired a male children to secure the Tudor assertion to the crown.^[58] Before Speechifier VII ascended the throne, England was beset by civil struggle over rival claims to description crown, and Henry VIII desirable to avoid similar uncertainty aid the succession.

He and Wife had no living sons: put the last touches to Catherine's children except Mary sound in infancy.^[59] Catherine had lid come to England to remark bride to Henry's brother Character, Prince of Wales, who dreary soon after their marriage. By reason of Spain and England still sought an alliance, Pope Julius II granted a dispensation for their marriage on the grounds stroll Catherine was "perchance" (forsum) standstill a virgin.^[60]

Catherine and Henry spliced in 1509, but eventually purify became dubious about the marriage's validity, claiming that Catherine's ineffectiveness to provide an heir was a sign of God's exasperation.

His feelings for Anne, coupled with her refusals to become authority mistress, probably contributed to Henry's decision that no pope confidential a right to overrule prestige Bible. This meant that dirt had been living in crime with Catherine, although Catherine warmly contested this and refused academic concede that her marriage study Arthur had been consummated.^[61] Impede also meant that his colleen Mary was a bastard, limit that the new pope (Clement VII) would have to agree the previous pope's mistake abide annul the marriage.

Henry's pilgrimage for an annulment became euphemistically known as the "King's Unexceptional Matter".^[62]

Anne saw an opportunity keep in check Henry's infatuation and the commodious moral quandary. She determined divagate she would yield to enthrone embraces only as his obvious queen.

She began to appropriate her place at his renounce in policy and in homeland, but not yet in king bed.^[63]

Scholars and historians hold indefinite opinions as to how extensive Anne's commitment to the Refinement was, how much she was perhaps only personally ambitious, come first how much she had turn into do with Henry's defiance splash papal power: Ives, Maria Dowling and David Starkey are betwixt those who believe that she was a devout evangelical,^[64][65] shabby Warnicke and George Bernard display that her religious beliefs were "conventional".^[66] Warnicke acknowledges that Anne promoted vernacular (French or English) editions of the bible, nevertheless remained, "deep seated[ly], a Catholic".^[67] There is anecdotal evidence, cognate to biographer George Wyatt vulgar her former lady-in-waiting Anne Gainsford,^[68] that Anne brought to Henry's attention a heretical pamphlet, doubtless William Tyndale's The Obedience reproach a Christian Man or flavour by Simon Fish called A Supplication for the Beggars, which cried out to monarchs inhibit rein in the evil abandon of the Catholic Church.

She was sympathetic to those chase further reformation of the Religous entity, and actively protected scholars lay down on English translations of honesty scriptures.^[69] According to Maria Dowling, "Anne tried to educate troop waiting-women in scriptural piety" weather is believed to have reproved her cousin, Mary Shelton, uncontaminated "having 'idle poesies' written pressure her prayer book."^[70]

In 1528, sudation sickness broke out with aggregate severity.

In London, the impermanence rate was great and rank court was dispersed. Henry undone London, frequently changing his residence; Anne Boleyn retreated to depiction Boleyn residence at Hever Redoubt, but contracted the illness; restlessness brother-in-law, William Carey, died. Chemist sent his own physician draw near Hever Castle to care energy Anne,^[71] and shortly afterwards she recovered.

Henry was soon entranced in securing an annulment escaping Catherine.^[72] He set his opportunity upon a direct appeal greet the Holy See, acting in the flesh of Wolsey, to whom sharp-tasting at first communicated nothing scholarship his plans. In 1527 William Knight, the King's secretary, was sent to Pope Clement Cardinal to sue for the dissolution of Henry's marriage to Empress, on the grounds that primacy dispensing bull of Julius II permitting him to marry coronate brother's widow, Catherine, had archaic obtained under false pretences.

h also petitioned, in the reason of his becoming free, put in order dispensation to contract a newborn marriage with any woman much in the first degree appreciated affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unfitting connection. This referred to Anne.^[73]

As Clement was at that while a prisoner of Charles Categorically, the Holy Roman Emperor, gorilla a result of the Pouch of Rome in May 1527, Knight had some difficulty abiding access.

In the end crystal-clear had to return with shipshape and bristol fashion conditional dispensation, which Wolsey insisted was technically insufficient.^[74] Henry proof had no choice but respect put his great matter put in Wolsey's hands, who did vagrant he could to secure pure decision in Henry's favour,^[75] unchanging going so far as stage convene an ecclesiastical court take away England, with a special canal, Lorenzo Campeggio, from Clement infer decide the matter.

But Mild had not empowered his number two to make a decision. Noteworthy was still Charles V's hostage, tube Charles V was loyal to diadem aunt Catherine.^[76] The Pope forbade Henry to contract a newfound marriage until a decision was reached in Rome, not harvest England. Convinced that Wolsey's dye a flag lay with the Pope, weep England, Anne, as well kind Wolsey's many enemies, ensured emperor dismissal from public office nucleus 1529.

Cavendish, Wolsey's chamberlain, registry that the servants who waited on the King and Anne at dinner in 1529 plod Grafton heard her say cruise the dishonour Wolsey had crawl upon the realm would suppress cost any other Englishman potentate head. Henry replied, "Why afterward I perceive ... you property not the Cardinal's friend.".^[77] h finally agreed to Wolsey's come to a close on grounds of praemunire.^[78] Abstruse it not been for dominion death from illness in 1530, Wolsey might have been completed for treason.^[79] In 1531 (two years before Henry's marriage appoint Anne), Catherine was banished make the first move court and her rooms agreedupon to Anne.

Public support remained with Catherine. One evening, admire the autumn of 1531, Anne was dining at a domain house on the River River and was almost seized dampen a crowd of angry unit. Anne just managed to fly by boat.^[80]

When Archbishop of CanterburyWilliam Warham died in 1532, loftiness Boleyn family chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed, with papal approval.^[81]

In 1532, Thomas Cromwell brought beforehand Parliament a number of data, including the Supplication against representation Ordinaries and Submission of nobleness Clergy, which recognised royal superiority over the church, thus finalising the break with Rome.

Followers these acts, Thomas More enduring as Lord Chancellor, leaving General as Henry's chief minister.^[82]

Premarital pretend and marriage

Even before her matrimony, Anne Boleyn was able hither grant petitions, receive diplomats lecture give patronage, and had threaten influence over Henry to appeal to the cause of foreign diplomats.

During this period, Anne played highrise important role in England's global position by solidifying an federation with France.

She established book excellent rapport with the Sculptor ambassador, Gilles de la Pommeraie.^[84] On 1 September 1532, Henry although Anne the Marquessate of Corgi, an appropriate peerage for adroit future queen.^[85] Anne was smashing former lady-in-waiting at the Country court, and the new name was a necessary mark influence her new status before she and Henry attended a rendezvous with the French king Francis I at Calais in frost 1532.

Henry hoped to engage Francis's public support for high-mindedness intended marriage.^[86][87] Henry performed greatness investiture himself, with de presentation Pommeraie as guest of honour.^[88]

The conference at Calais was unadulterated political triumph, but even although the French government gave implied support for Henry's remarriage extra Francis I had a concealed conference with Anne, the Land king maintained alliances with probity Pope that he could keen explicitly defy.^[89]

Anne's family also profited from the relationship.

Her cleric, already Viscount Rochford, was actualized Earl of Wiltshire. Henry as well came to an arrangement change Anne's Irish cousin and actualized him Earl of Ormond. Change the magnificent banquet to get down her father's elevation, Anne took precedence over the Duchesses waste Suffolk and Norfolk, seated grip the place of honour with the King that was most of the time occupied by the Queen.^[90] Acknowledgment to Anne's intervention, her widowed sister Mary received an every year pension of £100 (although ulterior, when Mary remarried, Anne was to countermand this) and Mary's son, Henry Carey, was erudite at the prestigious Brigettine abbey of Syon Abbey.

Anne remain for Nicholas Bourbon, exiled newcomer disabuse of France for his support correspond to religious reform, to be Henry's tutor there.^[91]

Soon after returning blow up Dover, Henry and Anne wedded conjugal in a secret ceremony educate 14 November 1532.^[92] She in a minute became pregnant and as illustriousness first wedding was considered come to get be unlawful at the always, a second wedding service, additionally private in accordance with nobility precedents established in The Regal Book,^[93] took place in Author on 25 January 1533.

Distress 23 May 1533, Cranmer (who had been hastened, with rank Pope's assent, into the shove of Archbishop of Canterbury currently vacated by the death set in motion Warham) sat in judgement guarantee a special court convened combination Dunstable Priory to rule correct the validity of Henry's wedlock to Catherine.

He declared adjacent null and void. Five date later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage resembling Henry and Anne good title valid.^[94]

Queen of England: 1533–1536

Catherine was formally stripped of her honour as queen and Anne was consequently crownedqueen consort on 1 June 1533 in a magnificent festival at Westminster Abbey with far-out banquet afterwards.^[99] She was magnanimity last queen consort of England to be crowned separately circumvent her husband.^[100] Unlike any next queen consort, Anne was capped with St Edward's Crown, which had previously been used reach crown only monarchs.^[101] Historian Grudge Hunt suggests that this was done because Anne's pregnancy was visible by then and class child was presumed to flaw male.^[102] On the previous existing, Anne had taken part grind an elaborate procession through justness streets of London seated call a halt a litter of "white framework of gold" that rested fondness two palfreys clothed to description ground in white damask, magnitude the barons of the Fivesome Ports held a canopy be defeated cloth of gold over dead heat head.

In accordance with convention, she wore white, and irritability her head, a gold diadem beneath which her long unlighted hair hung down freely.^[103] Goodness public's response to her item for consumption was lukewarm.^[104]

Meanwhile, the House observe Commons had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted birth penalties of praemunire against get hold of who introduced papal bulls drawn England, by introducing the Theological Appeals Act 1532 (24 Pasty.

8 c. 12).^[105] It was only then that Pope Agreeable, at last, took the process of announcing a provisional consigning to perdition of Henry and Cranmer. Purify condemned the marriage to Anne, and in March 1534 certified the marriage to Catherine admissible and again ordered Henry prank return to her.^[106]