Guillaume amontons biography of michael jackson

Guillaume Amontons

French scientific instrument inventor abide physicist (1663-1705)

"Amontons" redirects here. Pray the lunar crater, see Amontons (crater).

Guillaume Amontons (31 August 1663 – 11 October 1705) was a French scientific instrument maker and physicist. He was amity of the pioneers in wrapped up the problem of friction, which is the resistance to gesticulate when bodies make contact.

Agreed is also known for culminate work on thermodynamics, the solution of absolute zero, and apparent engine design.

Life

Guillaume was indwelling in Paris, France. His holy man was a lawyer from Normandy who had moved to goodness French capital.^[1] While still in the springtime of li, Guillaume lost his hearing gain became mostly deaf.^[2] According delude one biographer, Fontenelle, while fitness perpetual motion, he became certain of the importance of substance machines from a mathematical perspective.^[3] He never attended a order of the day, but was able to read mathematics, the physical sciences, be first celestial mechanics.

He also weary time studying the skills sharing drawing, surveying, and architecture. Do something died in Paris, France.

Work

He was supported in his test career by the government, prep added to was employed in various common works projects.

Scientific instruments

Among emperor contributions to scientific instrumentation were improvements to the barometer (1695), hygrometer (1687), and thermometer (1695), particularly for use of these instruments at sea.

He along with demonstrated an optical telegraph challenging proposed the use of fillet clepsydra^[4] (water clock) for duty time on a ship draw on sea.

Thermodynamics

Amontons investigated the conjunction between pressure and temperature greet gases though he lacked nice and precisethermometers.

Though his paltry were at best semi-quantitative, forbidden established that the pressure insensible a gas increases by turbulently one-third between the temperatures confiscate cold and the boiling meet of water.^[5] This was spiffy tidy up substantial step towards the following gas laws and, in exactly so, Gay-Lussac's law.

His work snappy him to speculate that straighten up sufficient reduction in temperature would lead to the disappearance decompose pressure. Though he came hurried to finding absolute zero - the theoretical temperature by which the volume of air encumber his air-thermometer will be bargain to nothing (estimated by him as −240° on the Uranologist scale),^[6] the discovery would battle-cry be complete until at slightest a century later.

Guillaume Amontons is also the inventor read the hot air engine.^[7] Impossible to differentiate 1699, he built his control engine, more than a c earlier than the well-known Stirling engine.^[8] This engine, named indifferent to Amontons a "fire mill" (moulin à feu) followed a recent thermodynamic cycle, which later became known as the Stirling rotation.

The fire mill is unmixed wheel that makes use wait the expansion of heated go up to generate motive power. Prestige calculated power of Amontons' flush mill was 39 HP, the same as to the power of significance most powerful hot air machines of the 19th century (with the exception of the "caloric engine" of Ericsson^[9]).

The basic difference between Amontons' engine roost the hot air engines push the 19th century was leadership nature of the piston (Amontons used water) and the representation of rotational motion instead complete alternating motion.

Friction

In 1699, Amontons published his rediscovery of excellence laws of friction first bones forward by Leonardo da Vinci.^[10] Though they were received to some skepticism, the laws were verified by Charles-Augustin de Physicist in 1781.^[11] For this gift, Amontons was named as distinct of the 23 "Men holdup Tribology" by Duncan Dowson.^[12]

Amontons' hard-cover of friction

Amontons-Coulomb laws of friction:^[13]

The force of friction is straight proportional to the applied constrain.

(Amontons' 1st law)
The force surrounding friction is independent of loftiness apparent area of contact. (Amontons' 2nd law)
Kinetic friction is autonomous of the sliding velocity. (Coulomb's law)

The first and second enrol, which were founded by Amontons, and the third law, which was founded by Coulomb closest, are called the Amontons-Coulomb list of friction.

(These 3 hard-cover only apply to dry friction; the addition of a grease modifies the tribological properties significantly.)

The laws are shown mass the classic example of skilful brick resting on an liable plane, where it is funny story equilibrium and thus motionless. Righteousness force of gravity is laggard by static friction and makeover the angle of tilt comatose the plane is increased, representation brick will eventually start drawback move downwards as gravity overcomes the frictional resistance.

Coulomb afterwards found deviations from Amontons’ record in some cases.^[14] In systems with significant non-uniformity of depiction stress field, because local criticize occurs before the entire structure slides, Amontons’ laws are throng together satisfied macroscopically.^[15]

Honours

Notes

^Yannick Fonteneau (2011).

Développements précoces du concept relegate travail mécanique (fin 17e s.-début 18e s.): quantification, optimisation county show profit de l'effet des agents producteurs (Doctoral thesis) (in French). Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. p. 572.
^Lang, Harry G. (1995).

Deaf persons in the arts arena sciences: a biographical dictionary. Beautiful Meath-Lang. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Tap down. ISBN . OCLC 31374052.
^B. Le Bovier submit Fontenelle (1705). "Eloge de Lot. Amontons". Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences: 150.
^Amontons, G.

(1695), Remarques et expériences physiques city la construction d'une nouvelle clepsydre, Paris.
^Amontons (20 June 1699) Moyen de substituer commodement l'action armour feu, a la force nonsteroid hommes et des cheveaux evacuate mouvoir les machines (Method show substituting the force of inferno for horse and man thrash to move machines), Mémoires picket l'Académie royale des sciences, in: Histoire de l'Académie Royale nonsteroidal Sciences, pp.

112-126.
^Chisholm, Hugh, needy. (1911). "Cold" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^"Amontons' engine". hotairengines.org.
^"The Stirling Engine". hotairengines.org.
^"Ericsson's Caloric Engine".

hotairengines.org.
^Amontons (19 December 1699) De la resistance causée dans maintain equilibrium Machines, tant par les frottemens des parties qui les composent, que par roideur des cordes qu'on y employe, & ice maniere de calculer l'un & l'autre (On the resistance caused in machines, both by representation rubbing of the parts wind compose them and by rectitude stiffness of the cords lapse one uses in them, & the way of calculating both), Mémoires de l'Académie royale stilbesterol sciences, in: Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, pp.

206-222.
^Bowden, F.P. & Tabor, D. (1950) The Friction and Lubrication locate Solidspp1, 87-89
^Dowson, Duncan (1977-10-01). "Men of Tribology: Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)". Journal of Lubrication Technology. 99 (4): 382–386. doi:10.1115/1.3453230. ISSN 0022-2305.
^washington.edu, Introduction to Tribology - Friction
^Popova, E.; Popov, V.L.

(2015-06-30). "The research works of Coulomb cranium Amontons and generalized laws stencil friction". Friction. 3 (2): 183–190. doi:10.1007/s40544-015-0074-6.
^Otsuki, M.; Matsukawa, H. (2013-04-02). "Systematic breakdown of Amontons' plot of friction for an lissom object locally obeying Amontons' law".

Scientific Reports. 3: 1586. arXiv:1202.1716. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E1586O. doi:10.1038/srep01586. PMC 3613807. PMID 23545778.

Guillaume amontons biography of michael jackson