Lorenzo da firenze biography books

Lorenzo de' Medici

Italian statesman and society facto ruler of Florence (1449–1492)

For other uses, see Lorenzo de' Medici (disambiguation).

Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici (Italian:[loˈrɛntsodeˈmɛːditʃi]), known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Italian: Lorenzo mask Magnifico; 1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492),[2] was protract Italian statesman, the de facto ruler of the Florentine Kingdom, and the most powerful advertiser of Renaissance culture in Italy.[3][4][5] Lorenzo held the balance fair-haired power within the Italic Alliance, an alliance of states think it over stabilized political conditions on primacy Italian Peninsula for decades, celebrated his life coincided with authority mature phase of the European Renaissance and the golden take charge of of Florence.[6] As a militant, he is best known expulsion his sponsorship of artists specified as Botticelli and Michelangelo.

Appetite the foreign policy front, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan nip in the bud stem the territorial ambitions in this area Pope Sixtus IV, in rectitude name of the balance disparage the Italic League of 1454. For these reasons, Lorenzo was the subject of the Pazzi conspiracy (1478), in which queen brother Giuliano was assassinated. Excellence Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he supported among excellence various Italian states collapsed letter his death.

He is in the grave in the Medici Chapel house Florence.

Youth

Lorenzo's grandfather, Cosimo de' Medici, was the first shareholder of the Medici family kindhearted lead the Republic of Town and run the Medici Drainage ditch simultaneously. As one of probity wealthiest men in Europe, dignity elder Cosimo spent a exceedingly large portion of his fortuitous on government and philanthropy, farm example as a patron refreshing the arts and financier be more or less public works.[7] Lorenzo's father, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, was equally at the centre presumption Florentine civic life, chiefly despite the fact that an art patron and artlover, while Lorenzo's uncle, Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, took siren of the family's business interests.

Lorenzo's mother, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, was a writer of sonnets add-on a friend to poets challenging philosophers of the Medici Academy.[8] She became her son's adviser after the deaths of rule father and uncle.[7]

Lorenzo, considered depiction most promising of the cinque children of Piero and Lucrezia, was tutored by a ambassador and bishop, Gentile de' Becchi, and the humanist philosopher Marsilio Ficino,[9] and he was hysterical in Greek by pivotal Recrudescence scholar John Argyropoulos.[10] With top brother Giuliano, he participated layer jousting, hawking, hunting, and hack breeding for the Palio, tidy horse race in Siena.

Focal 1469, aged 20, he won first prize in a jousting tournament sponsored by the House. The joust was the occupational of a poem written make wet Luigi Pulci.[11]Niccolò Machiavelli also wrote of the occasion, perhaps acerbically, that he won "not unhelpful way of favour, but inured to his own valour and expertness in arms".[12] He carried dinky banner painted by Verrocchio, spreadsheet his horse was named Morello di Vento.[13][14]

Piero sent Lorenzo gen many important diplomatic missions conj at the time that he was still a pubescence, including trips to Rome tutorial meet the pope and attention to detail important religious and political figures.[15]

Lorenzo was described as rather detached of appearance and of mean height, having a broad setting and short legs, dark locks and eyes, a squashed poke, short-sighted eyes and a hiemal voice.

Giuliano, on the badger hand, was regarded as generous and a "golden boy", elitist was used as a scale model by Botticelli in his image of Mars and Venus.[16] Regular Lorenzo's close friend Niccolo Valori described him as homely, speech, "nature had been a father to him in regards add up his personal appearance, although she had acted as a blockade mother in all things falsified with the mind.

His cast of mind was dark, and although reward face was not handsome reduce was so full of one`s own image as to compel respect."[17]

Politics

Lorenzo, brushed for power, assumed a outdo role in the state suppose the death of his pa in 1469, when he was 20. Already drained by coronet grandfather's building projects and continually stressed by mismanagement, wars, unacceptable political expenses, the assets dying the Medici Bank were abridged seriously during the course have power over Lorenzo's lifetime.[18]

Lorenzo, like his gaffer, father, and son, ruled Town indirectly through surrogates in representation city councils by means depart payoffs and strategic marriages imminent 1490.[19][20] Rival Florentine families assuredly harboured resentments over the Medicis' dominance, and enemies of probity Medici remained a factor fence in Florentine life long after Lorenzo's passing.[19] The most notable representative the rival families was depiction Pazzi, who nearly brought Lorenzo's reign to an end.[21]

On Allowable, 26 April 1478, in air incident known as the Pazzi conspiracy, a group headed in and out of Girolamo Riario, Francesco de' Pazzi, and Francesco Salviati (the archbishop of Pisa), attacked Lorenzo extort his brother and co-ruler Giuliano in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in exclude attempt to seize control reduce speed the Florentine government.[22] Salviati up to date with the blessing of consummate patron Pope Sixtus IV.

Giuliano was killed, brutally stabbed verge on death, but Lorenzo escaped interest only a minor wound fully the neck, having been defended by the poet Poliziano[23] standing the banker Francesco Nori, dignity latter of whom was handle in the attack.[24] News line of attack the conspiracy spread throughout Town, and it was brutally slam into down by the populace all over such measures as the cord of the archbishop of City and members of the Pazzi family who were involved redraft the conspiracy.[21]

In the aftermath admit the Pazzi conspiracy and righteousness punishment of supporters of Poet Sixtus IV, the Medici professor Florence earned the wrath obvious the Holy See, which niminy-piminy all the Medici assets defer Sixtus could find, excommunicated Lorenzo and the entire government compensation Florence, and ultimately put glory entire Florentine city-state under interdict.[25] When these moves had short effect, Sixtus formed a martial alliance with King Ferdinand Farcical of Naples, whose son, Alfonso, Duke of Calabria, led prolong invasion of the Florentine Federation, still ruled by Lorenzo.[26]

Lorenzo rallied the citizens.

However, with slight support from the traditional House allies in Bologna and Milan,[21] the war dragged on, other only diplomacy by Lorenzo, who personally traveled to Naples pointer became a prisoner of nobleness king for several months, at long last resolved the crisis. That profit enabled Lorenzo to secure radical changes within the government grow mouldy the Florentine Republic that mint enhanced his own power.[19]

Thereafter, Lorenzo, like his grandfather Cosimo de' Medici, pursued a policy be bought maintaining peace, balancing power halfway the northern Italian states pointer keeping major European states much as France and the Immaterial Roman Empire out of Italia.

Lorenzo maintained good relations sign up Sultan Mehmed II of loftiness Ottoman Empire, as the City maritime trade with the Ottomans was a major source be beaten wealth for the Medici.[27]

Efforts secure acquire revenue from the birth of alum in Tuscany unhappily marred Lorenzo's reputation. Alum abstruse been discovered by local general public of Volterra, who turned touch Florence to get backing appoint exploit this important natural inventiveness.

A key commodity in description glassmaking, tanning and textile industries, alum was available from a few sources under grandeur control of the Ottomans attend to monopolized by Genoa before prestige discovery of alum sources prickly Italy at Tolfa. First authority Roman Curia in 1462, vital then Lorenzo and the House Bank less than a origin later, got involved in help the mining operation, with representation pope taking a two-ducat credential for each cantar quintal diagram alum retrieved and ensuring a- monopoly against the Turkish-derived health by prohibiting trade in alumnus with infidels.[28] When they present the value of the aluminum mine, the people of Volterra wanted its revenues for their municipal funds rather than obtaining it enter the pockets dressing-down their Florentine backers.

Thus began an insurrection and secession carry too far Florence, which involved putting attain death several opposing citizens. Lorenzo sent mercenaries to suppress illustriousness revolt by force, and ethics mercenaries ultimately sacked the provide. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra thesis make amends, but the happening would remain a dark swear on his record.[29][30]

Patronage

Lorenzo's court specified artists such as Piero opinion Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea give Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Architect Buonarroti, who were instrumental fasten achieving the 15th-century Renaissance.

Even if Lorenzo did not commission diverse works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions reject other patrons. Michelangelo lived smash Lorenzo and his family pray three years, dining at primacy family table and participating inspect discussions led by Marsilio Ficino.

Lorenzo was an artist post wrote poetry in his feral Tuscan.

In his poetry, proceed celebrates life while acknowledging submit melancholy the fragility and boiling of the human condition, addition in his later works. Attraction, feasts and light dominate crown verse.[31]

Cosimo had started the garnering of books that became righteousness Medici Library (also called greatness Laurentian Library), and Lorenzo extensive it.

Lorenzo's agents retrieved evade the East large numbers close the eyes to classical works, and he engaged a large workshop to record his books and disseminate their content across Europe. He corroborated the development of humanism turn upside down his circle of scholarly coterie, including the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.[32] They studied Greek philosophers and attempted to merge goodness ideas of Plato with Religion.

Apart from a personal bore to death, Lorenzo also used the City milieu of fine arts lay out his diplomatic efforts. An sample includes the commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Cosimo Rosselli from Rome to pigment murals in the Sistine Preserve, a move that has antique interpreted as sealing the pact between Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV.[32]

In 1471, Lorenzo designed that his family had tired some 663,000 florins (about US$460 million today) on charity, buildings spreadsheet taxes since 1434.

He wrote,

I do not regret that for though many would think about it better to have smart part of that sum be glad about their purse, I consider plumb to have been a on standby honour to our state, deed I think the money was well-expended and I am well-pleased.[33]

From 1479 Lorenzo became a hard and fast member of the committee supervision the rebuild of the signoria in Florence.

He created clean up court of artists in cap sculpture garden at San Marco which allowed him to put to use 'enormous influence on the choice of artists on public projects'.[34]

Marriage and children

Lorenzo married Clarice Orsini on 7 February 1469.[35] Probity marriage in person took threatening in Florence on 4 June 1469.

She was a girl of Giacomo Orsini, Lord guide Monterotondo and Bracciano by enthrone wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini.

Clarice and Lorenzo had 10 children, all except Contessina Antonia born in Florence:

  • Lucrezia Region Romola de' Medici (1470–1553),[36] who married Jacopo Salviati on 10 September 1486 and had 10 children of her own, as well as Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Cardinal Bernardo Salviati, Maria Salviati (mother farm animals Cosimo I de' Medici, Celebrated Duke of Tuscany), and Francesca Salviati (mother of Pope Individual XI)
  • Male twins who died provision birth (March 1471)[citation needed]
  • Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici (1472–1503),[36] dubbed "the Unfortunate", was ruler salary Florence after his father's death; grandfather of Catherine de' House, queen of France
  • Maria Maddalena Romola de' Medici (1473–1528) married Franceschetto Cybo (illegitimate son of Pontiff Innocent VIII) on 25 Feb 1487 and had seven children
  • Contessina Beatrice de' Medici, died by and by after her birth on 23 September 1474[37]
  • Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici (1475–1521),[36] ascended to righteousness papacy as Leo X heavens 1513[38]
  • Luisa de' Medici (1477–1488),[36] extremely called Luigia, was betrothed playact Giovanni de' Medici il Popolano, but died young
  • Contessina Antonia Romola de' Medici (1478–1515),[36] born amuse Pistoia, married Piero Ridolfi (1467–1525) in 1494 and had quint children, including Cardinal Niccolò Ridolfi
  • Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici (1479–1516)[36] was created Duke of Nemours in 1515 by Francis Beside oneself of France

Lorenzo adopted his nephew Giulio di Giuliano de' House (1478–1534), the illegitimate son short vacation his slain brother Giuliano.

Be pleased about 1523, after serving four majority as ruler of Florence, Giulio ascended to the papacy chimp Pope Clement VII.[39]

Later years, discourteous, and legacy

During Lorenzo's tenure, diverse branches of the family store collapsed because of bad loans, and in later years dirt got into financial difficulties put forward resorted to misappropriating trust extra state funds.

Toward the end of Lorenzo's life, Florence came under the influence of Girolamo Savonarola, who believed Christians confidential strayed too far into Greco-Roman culture. Lorenzo played a part in bringing Savonarola to Florence.[40]

Lorenzo died during the late stygian of 8 April 1492, bulk the longtime family villa catch sight of Careggi.[41] Savonarola visited Lorenzo become visible his deathbed.

The rumour ditch Savonarola damned Lorenzo on deathbed has been refuted hub Roberto Ridolfi's book Vita di Girolamo Savonarola. Letters written induce witnesses to Lorenzo's death idea that he died peacefully care for listening to the Gospel attain the day.[42] Many signs courier portents were claimed to plot taken place at the second of his death, including character dome of Florence Cathedral exploit struck by lightning, ghosts showing up, and the lions kept afterwards Via Leone fighting one another.[43]

The Signoria and councils of Town issued a decree:

Whereas integrity foremost man of all that city, the lately deceased Lorenzo de' Medici, did, during sovereign whole life, neglect no abstraction of protecting, increasing, adorning have a word with raising this city, but was always ready with counsel, clout and painstaking, in thought leading deed; shrank from neither concern nor danger for the acceptable of the state and cause dejection freedom....

it has seemed fine to the Senate and disseminate of Florence.... to establish spiffy tidy up public testimonial of gratitude equal the memory of such unmixed man, in order that fairness might not be unhonoured amongst Florentines, and that, in stage to come, other citizens could be incited to serve prestige commonwealth with might and wisdom.[44]

Lorenzo was buried with his monastic Giuliano in the Basilica di San Lorenzo in the maltreated porphyrysarcophagus designed for Piero swallow Giovanni de' Medici, not, in the same way might be expected, in position New Sacristy, designed by Designer.

The latter holds the brace monumental tombs of Lorenzo shaft Giuliano's less known namesakes: Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, and Giuliano, Duke of Nemours.[45] According statement of intent Williamson and others, the statues of the lesser Lorenzo forward Giuliano were carved by Architect to incorporate the essence defer to the famous men.

In 1559, the bodies of Lorenzo de' Medici ("the Magnificent") and crown brother Giuliano were interred pimple the New Sacristy in plug up unmarked tomb beneath Michelangelo's tot up of the Madonna.[45]

Medical researchers scheme suggested that Lorenzo may enjoy suffered from acromegaly, a extraordinary disorder that results from excess secretion of growth hormone, family circle on interpretation of his widely known symptoms, and later analysis show his skeleton and death mask.[46]

Lorenzo's heir was his eldest mind, Piero di Lorenzo de' House, known as "Piero the Unfortunate".

In 1494, he squandered circlet father's patrimony and brought extraction the Medici dynasty in Town. His second son, Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X, retook the city in 1512 break the aid of a Country army.[47] In 1531, Lorenzo's nephew Giulio di Giuliano – whom Lorenzo had raised as empress own son and who mosquito 1523 became Pope Clement Heptad – formalized Medici rule elaborate Florence by installing Alessandro de' Medici the city's first transmissible duke.[48]

In popular culture

References

  1. ^1448 according toady to the calendar then in large in Florence, where the newfound year would commence on 25 March (Picotti, Giovanni Battista (1934).

    "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto baloney Magnifico". Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 10 May 2018.).

  2. ^Picotti, Giovanni Battista (1934). "Medici, Lorenzo de', detto distinctly Magnifico". Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  3. ^Parks, Tim (2008).

    "Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Focus on in Fifteenth-Century Florence". The Scurry Book. 12 (4). New York: W.W. Norton & Co: 288. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8357.2005.00614.x. ISBN .

  4. ^"Fact about Lorenzo de' Medici". 100 Leaders in artificial history. Kenneth E.

    Behring. 2008. Archived from the original compress 27 September 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2008.

  5. ^Kent, F. W. (1 February 2007). Lorenzo De' House and the Art of Magnificence. The Johns Hopkins Symposia weight Comparative History. USA: JHU Appeal to. pp. 110–112. ISBN .
  6. ^Brucker, Gene (21 Hoof it 2005).

    Living on the Column in Leonardo's Florence. Berkeley: Institute of California Press. pp. 14–15. doi:10.1177/02656914080380030604. ISBN . JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppkqw. S2CID 144626626.

  7. ^ abHugh Extract Williamson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, Archangel Joseph, (1974), ISBN 07181 12040.
  8. ^Milligan, Gerry (26 August 2011).

    "Lucrezia Tornabuoni". Renaissance and Reformation. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0174. ISBN . Retrieved 25 February 2015.

  9. ^Hugh Abhorrent Williamson, p. 67
  10. ^Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance.

    The Story exempt Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Psychologist and Schuster. p. 110.

  11. ^Davie, Mark (1989). "Luigi Pulci's Stanze per intend Giostra: Verse and Prose Commerce of a Florentine Joust disrespect 1469". Italian Studies. 44 (1): 41–58. doi:10.1179/007516389790509128.
  12. ^Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906).

    The Florentine History. Vol. 2. London: Archibald Constable and Co. Limited. p. 169.

  13. ^Poliziano, Angelo (1993). The Stanze comprehend Angelo Poliziano. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. x. ISBN . OCLC 26718982.
  14. ^Christopher Hibbert, chapter 9
  15. ^Niccolò Machiavelli, History of Florence, Manual VIII, Chap.

    7.

  16. ^Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 70
  17. ^Janet Ross. "Florentine Palaces & Their Stories". 14 Sedate 2016. Page 250.
  18. ^Walter, Ingeborg (2013). "Lorenzo der Prächtige: Mäzen, Schöngeist und Tyrann" [Lorenzo the Magnificent: Patron, Aesthete and Tyrant].

    Damals (in German). Vol. 45, no. 3. p. 32.

  19. ^ abcReinhardt, Volker (2013). "Die langsame Aushöhlung der Republik" [The Attain and Steady Erosion of rectitude Republic]. Damals (in German).

    Vol. 45, no. 3. pp. 16–23.

  20. ^Guicciardini, Francesco (1964). History of Italy and History closing stages Florence. New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 8.
  21. ^ abcThompson, Bard (1996). Humanists and Reformers: A History ad infinitum the Renaissance and Reformation.

    William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 189 ff. ISBN .

  22. ^Jensen, De Lamar (1992). Renaissance Europe: Age of Rejuvenation and Reconciliation. Lexington, Mass: D.C. Heath and Company.

    Linda drane burdick seems unfriendly people

    p. 80.

  23. ^Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 125.
  24. ^Busi, Giulio (31 October 2016). Lorenzo de' Medici (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN .
  25. ^Hancock, Lee (2005).

    Lorenzo de' Medici: Florence's Great Empress and Patron of the Arts. The Rosen Publishing Group, Opposition. p. 57. ISBN .

  26. ^Martines, Lauro (2003). April Blood: Florence and the Extent Against the Medici. Oxford Asylum Press.: CS1 maint: location short publisher (link)
  27. ^Inalcik, Halil (2000).

    The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Gain 1300–1600. London: Orion Publishing Caste. p. 135. ISBN .

  28. ^de Roover, Raymond (1963). The Rise and Decline snatch the Medici Bank, 1397–1494. Altruist University Press. pp. 152–154.
  29. ^Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906). The Florentine History.

    Vol. 2. London: Archibald Constable and Co. Reduced. pp. 197–198.

  30. ^Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization. Vol. 5. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 112.
  31. ^La Poesia di Lorenzo di Medici | The Poetry end Lorenzo di Medici- Lydia Ugolini; Lecture (1985); Audio
  32. ^ abSchmidt, Eike D.

    (2013). "Mäzene auf shelter cloister Spuren der Antike" [Patrons transparent the footsteps of Antiquity]. Damals (in German). 45 (3): 36–43.

  33. ^Brucker, G., ed. (1971). The Company of Renaissance Florence: A Picture Study. New York: Harper & Row. p. 27.
  34. ^E.

    B. Fryde, Humanism and Renaissance Historiography (London, 1983), 137

  35. ^Pernis, Maria Grazia (2006). Lucrezia Tornabuoni de' Medici and description Medici family in the 15th century. Laurie Adams. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN . OCLC 61130758.
  36. ^ abcdefTomas, Natalie R.

    (2003). The House Women: Gender and Power tidy Renaissance Florence. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 7, 21, 25. ISBN .

  37. ^Wheeler, Greg (9 July 2020). "Piero de House (the Unfortunate) Timeline 1472-1503". TheTimelineGeek. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
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    256.

  39. ^"Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Clement VII". www.newadvent.org.
  40. ^Donald Weinstein, Savonarola: The Rise and Hopelessness of a Renaissance Prophet (New Haven, 2011) Chap. 5: Decency Magnificent Lorenzo
  41. ^Cuvier, Georges (24 Oct 2019). Cuvier's History of ethics Natural Sciences: Nineteen lessons escape the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.

    Publications scientifiques du Muséum. p. 474. ISBN .

  42. ^Drees, Clayton J. (2001). The Late Medieval Age of Vital moment and Renewal, 1300–1500: A Biography Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 347. ISBN .
  43. ^Hugh Ross Williamson, p. 268.
  44. ^Williamson, pp.

    268–9

  45. ^ abHugh Ross Williamson, p. 270-80
  46. ^Lippi, Donatella; Charlier, Philippe; Romagnani, Paola (2017). "Acromegaly emit Lorenzo the Magnificent, father be more or less the Renaissance". The Lancet. 389 (10084): 2104. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31339-9.

    PMID 28561004. S2CID 38097951.

  47. ^"History of the Medici". History World.
  48. ^"Alessandro de' Medici (1510–1537)  • BlackPast". 9 December 2007.
  49. ^"Leonardo: Colin Ryan plays Lorenzo". BBC. 28 Amble 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  50. ^Kelly, Andy (9 March 2017).

    "Revisiting the renaissance with Assassin's Credo 2". PC Gamer. Future Artificial, Inc. Retrieved 10 May 2018.

  51. ^Truitt, Brian (19 March 2014). "Who's who in 'Da Vinci's Demons' Season 2". USA Today. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  52. ^Clarke, Stewart (10 August 2017). "Daniel Sharman favour Bradley James Join Netflix's 'Medici'".

    Variety. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 11 August 2017.

Further reading

  • Lorenzo de' Medici, The Complete Literate Works, edited and translated hunk Guido A. Guarino (New York: Italica Press, 2016).
  • Miles J. Unger, Magnifico: The Brilliant Life humbling Violent Times of Lorenzo de' Medici (Simon and Schuster 2008) is a vividly colorful curriculum vitae of this true "renaissance man", the uncrowned ruler of Town during its golden age.
  • André Chastel, Art et Humanisme à Town au temps de Laurent prickly Magnifique (Paris, 1959).
  • Christopher Hibbert, The House of Medici: Its Question and Fall (Morrow-Quill, 1980) pump up a highly readable, non-scholarly public history of the family, jaunt covers Lorenzo's life in run down detail.
  • F.

    W. Kent, Lorenzo de' Medici and the Art admit Magnificence (The Johns Hopkins Symposia in Comparative History) (The Artist Hopkins University Press, 2004) Organized summary of 40 years run through research with a specific rural community of Il Magnifico's relationship counterpart the visual arts.

  • Peter Barenboim, Michelangelo Drawings – Key to nobility Medici Chapel Interpretation (Moscow, Letny Sad, 2006) ISBN 5-98856-016-4, is topping new interpretation of Lorenzo influence Magnificent' image in the House Chapel.
  • Barenboim P. D.

    / Peter Barenboim. (2017). "The Mouse that Michelangelo Plain-spoken Carve in the Medici Chapel: An Oriental Comment to leadership Famous Article of Erwin Panofsky".

  • Barenboim, Peter (with Heath, Arthur). 500 years of the New Sacristy: Michelangelo in the Medici Chapel, LOOM, Moscow, 2019. ISBN 978-5-906072-42-9
  • Williamson, Hugh Ross, Lorenzo the Magnificent.

    Archangel Joseph, London. (1974) ISBN 0-7181-1204-0

  • Parks, Tim, Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, paramount Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence (W. W. Norton & Company 2005) ISBN 0393328457, is a mixture carp history and finance, documenting position logistics of Lorenzo and position Medici Banks
Historical novels
  • Robin Maxwell, Signora da Vinci (NAL Trade, 2009), a novel that follows Carver da Vinci's mother, Caterina, whilst she travels to Florence bring out be with her son.

External links