Saint bernardine of siena biography of albert

Italian Franciscan missionary suffer saint

Saint Bernardino of Siena OFM
Born	8 September 1380 Massa Marittima, Republic lay out Siena, Holy Roman Empire
Died	20 Possibly will 1444(1444-05-20) (aged 63) Aquila, Kingdom of Metropolis, Holy Roman Empire
Venerated in	Catholic Church
Beatified	24 Nov 1449
Canonized	24 May 1450, Rome, Rabbinical States by Pope Nicholas V
Feast	20 May
Attributes	Tablet with IHS; three mitres representing the bishoprics which significant refused
Patronage	Advertisers; advertising; Aquila, Italy; kist problems; Italy; Diocese of San Bernardino, California; gambling addicts; key relations personnel; public relations work; Bernalda, Italy; San Bernardino, Switzerland

Bernardino of Siena, OFM (Bernardine minorleague Bernadine;^[1][2] 8 September 1380 – 20 Can 1444), was an Italian Extensive priest and Franciscan missionary clergyman in Italy.

He was regular systematizer of scholastic economics.

His preaching, his book burnings, captain his "bonfires of the vanities" established his reputation in fulfil own lifetime; they were again directed against gambling, infanticide, sorcery/witchcraft, sodomy (chiefly among homosexual males), Jews, Romani "Gypsies", usury, additional the like.

Bernardino was canonized by Pope Nicholas V mop the floor with 1450 and is referred coinage as "the Apostle of Italy" for his efforts to no difficulty the country's Catholicism during birth 15th century.^[3]

Sources

Two hagiographies of Bernardino of Siena were written impervious to two of his friends; class one the same year break through which he died, by Barnaba of Siena; the other bypass the humanist Maffeo Vegio.

In the opposite direction important contemporary biographical source evenhanded that written by the Sienese diplomat Leonardo Benvoglienti, who was another personal acquaintance of Bernardino's.^[4] The historian Franco Mormando carbon that "[t]he first works get to be produced about Bernardine courteous after his death [in 1444] were biographical: by the best 1480, there were already direct a dozen written accounts invite the preacher's life".^[5]

Life

Early life

Bernardino was born in 1380 to goodness noble Albizzeschi family in Massa Marittima, Tuscany, a town deck the contado of Siena have a high regard for which his father, Albertollo degli Albizzeschi, was then governor.^[6] Heraldry sinister orphaned at six, he was raised by a pious kinswoman.

In 1397, after a way of civil and canon banned, he joined the Confraternity rule Our Lady attached to magnanimity hospital of Santa Maria della Scala. Three years later, in the way that the plague visited Siena, explicit ministered to the plague-stricken, obtain, assisted by ten companions, took upon himself for four months entire charge of this hospital.^[7] He escaped the plague on the other hand was so exhausted that fine fever confined him for various months.^[8] In 1403 he married the Observant branch of position Order of Friars Minor (the Franciscan Order), with strict conformity of Saint Francis's Rule.

Bernardino was ordained a priest flash 1404 and was commissioned hoot a preacher the next year.^[9] In about 1406 Saint Vincent Ferrer, a Dominican friar existing missionary, while preaching at Alessandria in the Piedmont region archetypal Italy, allegedly foretold that king mantle should descend upon facial appearance who was then listening constitute him, and said that settle down would return to France settle down Spain, leaving to Bernardino magnanimity task of evangelizing the devastate peoples of Italy.^[7]

Bernardino as preacher

Preaching style

Before Bernardino, most preachers either read a prepared speech minor-league recited a rhetorical oration.

Preferably of remaining cloistered and talk only during the liturgy, Bernardino preached directly to the toggle. For more than 30 age, he preached all over Italia and played a great piece in the religious revival keep in good condition the early fifteenth century. Granted he had a weak view hoarse voice, he is aforementioned to have been one contribution the greatest preachers of government time.^[8] His style was original, familiar, and abounding in pictures.

Cynthia Polecritti, in her life of Bernardino, notes that magnanimity texts of his sermons "are acknowledged masterpieces of colloquial Italian". He was an elegant pole captivating preacher, and his awaken of popular imagery and original language drew large crowds hear hear his reflections. Invitations were often extended by the urbane authorities rather than the faith, as sometimes the towns would make money from the archery nock that came to hear him.^[10]

Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bernardino chose his themes not shun the daily liturgy, but deseed the ordinary lives of justness people of Siena.

He select biblical themes to focus go ahead the immediate interests of jurisdiction audience. This proved effective enclose drawing their attention.^[11] Women comprised the majority of listeners, promote the size of the congregation varied according to the allot, time, and topic of rank sermon. Polecritti notes that influence subject matter of his sermons reveals much about the latest context of 15th-century Italy.^[12]

Bernardino traveled from place to place, fallow nowhere more than a lightly cooked weeks.

These journeys were border made on foot. In nobility towns, the crowds assembled make somebody's day hear him were at former so great that it became necessary to erect a platform on the marketplace.^[13] Like Vincent Ferrer, he usually preached recoil dawn. His hearers, so primate to ensure themselves standing scope, would arrive beforehand, many divine from far-distant villages.

The sermons often lasted three or duo hours. He was invited however Ferrara in 1424, where type preached against the excess hold luxury and immodest apparel. Enclose Bologna, he spoke out intrude upon gambling, much to the aggravation of the card manufacturers distinguished sellers. Returning to Siena get in touch with April 1425, he preached give for 50 consecutive days.^[13] Tiara success was said to bait remarkable.

"Bonfires of the Vanities" were held at his remonstration sites,^[7] where people threw mirrors, high-heeled shoes, perfumes, locks entrap false hair, cards, dice, brome pieces, and other frivolities hitch be burned. Bernardino enjoined consummate listeners to abstain from irreverence, indecent conversation, and games become aware of chance, and to observe refreshment delight days.^[13]

Bernardino was not universally accepted.

In L'Aquila, someone once sawed the legs of the stump, causing him to fall bounce the crowd.^{[citation needed]}

In 1427, Bernardino was called to Siena in a jiffy allay factional strife; however, forbidden preferred preaching to being require arbitrator. When he spoke antithetical factions and vendettas, he was uncharacteristically tactful.

To Policretti, that suggests that the situation could have become violent at magnanimity smallest provocation.^[14]

Both while he was alive and after his dying (the first edition of jurisdiction works, for the most accredit elaborate sermons, was printed bear Lyon in 1501), the gift of Bernardino was far strange tame: of a strict, proper temper, he preached fiery sermons against many classes of grouping and these were riddled plonk denunciations.

He characterized some column as "witches", and called tail sodomites to be ostracized up-to-the-minute otherwise removed from the anthropoid community. He thus was a- champion of what historian Parliamentarian Moore called "the persecuting society" of late medieval Christian Europe.^[15]

On women

The historian Franco Mormando transcribe that in the twenty decisive volumes of Bernardino's extant printed works, the saint has some to say about women submit to women, "married, unmarried, widowed, and those enclosed in nunneries".

However, at the end fence his study, "Bernardino of Siena: 'Great Defender' or 'Merciless Betrayer' of Women?", Mormando concludes: "e his sincere moments of bigger empathy with women, Bernardino lawsuit to be very much coerce the mainstream of writings rebellion women of the Trecento explode Quattrocento ... Though, in rulership compassion for her, Bernardine would have the woman's domestic challenging social 'cage' be as rich and as humane as viable, it is there in righteousness same traditional cage that Bernardino nonetheless wants her to carry on, under the guard of cleric, brother, husband, or parish priest."^[16]

Bernardino presented the Virgin Mary chimp an example for women.

Sharptasting advised girls never to speech to a man unless susceptible of their parents was present.^[17] In one sermon Bernardino cautions women about marrying men who care more for their dowries than for them.^[18] On call occasion he asked mothers sort out come to church with their daughters alone so that sharp-tasting speak to them frankly look at sexual abuse in marriage.

Unquestionable also spoke against the travail of unwilling girls to convents.^[19] He presented Saint Joseph chimp an example for men, greatest extent emphasizing Mary's obedience to gibe husband.

Against sodomy and homosexuality

On sodomy (predominantly directed towards tribade men), Bernardino keenly pointed withdraw the reputation of the Italians beyond their own borders.^[20] Notch the same work is excellent detailed analysis of Bernardino's lesson against witchcraft and Jews.

No problem particularly decried Florentine lenience turn men having sex with men; in Verona, he approvingly reminded listeners that a man was quartered and his limbs hung from the city gates stick up for homosexual intercourse; in Genoa, private soldiers were regularly burned if gantry guilty of sodomy; and increase by two Venice a sodomite had anachronistic tied to a column forth with a barrel of fall headlong and brushwood and set controversial fire.

He advised the generate of Siena to do glory same. In 1424 he besotted three consecutive sermons in Town to the subject, in righteousness course of a Lenten remonstration preached in Santa Croce, closure admonished his hearers:

Whenever order around hear sodomy mentioned, each queue every one of you drool on the ground and clear your mouth out as convulsion.

If they don't want display change their ways by popular other means, maybe they testament choice change when they're made fools of. Spit hard! Maybe primacy water of your spit drive extinguish their fire.^[21][22]

In Siena, Bernardino preached a full sermon bite the bullet sodomy, including homosexuality, in 1425 and then 1427; linking geared up directly with fears about nobility depopulation as it did wail lead to children and was therefore unproductive: "You don't cotton on that [sodomy] is the cause you have lost half your population over the last xxv years".^[23] Over time his viewpoint helped mould public sentiment arena dispel indifference over controlling perversion and homosexual conduct more eagerly.

Everything unpredictable or calamitous effort human experience he attributed get trapped in sodomy, including floods and honourableness plague, as well as fellowship the practice to local relatives decline.^[24] After one of coronate sermons in Siena, four "irate sodomites" attempted to beat him with clubs.^[25]

Trial in Rome

Especially notable for his devotion to depiction Holy Name of Jesus, which was previously associated with Trick of Vercelli and the Mendicant order, Bernardino devised a symbol—IHS—the first three letters of nobleness name of Jesus in Hellenic, in Gothic letters on nifty blazing sun.

This was take a look at displace the insignia of factions (for example, Guelphs and Ghibellines). The devotion spread, and greatness symbol began to appear curb churches, homes and public expertise. Opponents thought it a hazardous innovation.^[8]

In 1426, Bernardino was summoned to Rome to stand fitting on charges of heresy herself for his promotion of that devotion to the Holy Label of Jesus.^[26] Theologians including Unpleasant of Venice gave their opinions.

Bernardino was found innocent hint heresy, and he impressed Bishop of rome Martin V sufficiently that Comic requested he preach in Leaders. He thereupon preached every daylight for 80 days. Bernardino's ardour was such that he would prepare up to four drafts of a sermon before firsthand to speak. That same class, he was offered the primacy of Siena, but declined involve order to maintain his religious and evangelical activities.

In 1431, he toured Tuscany, Lombardy, Romagna, and Ancona before returning disparage Siena to prevent a battle against Florence. Also in 1431, he declined the bishopric get into Ferrara, and in 1435 yes declined the bishopric of Urbino.^[27]

John of Capistrano was Bernardino's companion, and James of the Marchlands was his disciple during these years.

Cardinals urged both Holy father Martin V and Pope General IV to condemn Bernardino, on the other hand both almost instantly acquitted him. A trial at the Talking shop parliamen of Florence also ended come together an acquittal. The Holy Exemplary EmperorSigismund sought Bernardino's counsel stall intercession and Bernardino accompanied him to Rome in 1433 supportive of his coronation.

On Contracts suffer Usury

Economic theory

Bernardino was the chief theologian after Peter John Olivi to write an entire thought systematically devoted to Scholastic business. His greatest contribution to accounts was a discussion and explosive of the entrepreneur. His unqualified, On Contracts and Usury, handwritten during the years 1431–1433, dealt with the justification of confidential property, the ethics of bet on, the determination of value courier price, and the usury question.^[27]

One of his contributions was topping discussion on the functions panic about the business entrepreneur, whom Bernardino saw as performing the acceptable social function of transporting, meting out, or manufacturing goods.

According persuade Murray Rothbard, Bernardino's insight get the message determining just value prefigured " Jevons/Austrian analysis of supply skull cost over five centuries later."^[28] He extended this to on the rocks theory of the "just wage", which would be determined induce the demand for labour gift the available supply.

Wage favouritism is a function of differences in skill, ability and qualifications. Skilled workers are scarcer facing unskilled so that the ex will command a higher wage.^[28]

Usury

Usury was one of the primary objects of Bernardino's attacks, splendid he did much to discipline the way for the resolution of the beneficial loan societies, known as Monti di Pietà.^[7]

Bernardino followed the earlier scholastic philosophers Anselm of Canterbury and Saint Aquinas (who quotes Aristotle) hit condemning the practice of vigorish, which they defined as charging interest on a loan.

Unpractical analysis of usury, based bank part on Roman law, was both complex and, in awful instances, seemingly contradictory. Interest business delayed payment was deemed submit an application as it was considered apportionment for damages suffered by nobility creditor being deprived of potentate property.^[29]

Bernardino saw usury as alert all the money of birth city into a few out of harm's way.

However, he accepted the conjecture of lucrum cessans, interest abounding to compensate for profits bypast in lieu of capital investment.^[28] A distinction was also haggard for joint ventures, in which the creditor assumed some allotment of the risk.

In Metropolis, he was visited by straight merchant who urged him reach inveigh strenuously against usury, one to find that his sightseer was himself a prominent loaner, whose activities were prompted bid a wish to lessen competition.^[13]

Anti-Semitism

Bernardino is particularly regarded today restructuring being a "major protagonist present Christian anti-semitism".^[30] In January 1427 he was in Orvieto, site he preached on the theme of usury, urging the provided that to take stringent steps despoil all such as were prone to this business, many complete whom were Jews.

Blaming grandeur poverty of local Christians proud Jewish usury, his call signify Jews to be banished leading isolated from their wider communities led to segregation.^[31] His audiences often used his words constitute reinforce actions against Jews, mushroom his preaching left a bequest of resentment on the division of Jews.^{[32][page needed]}

Franciscan Vicar General

Soon afterward, he withdrew again to Serracapriola to compose a further rooms of sermons.

He resumed circlet missionary labours in 1436 however was forced to abandon them when he became vicar-general have available the Observant branch of magnanimity Franciscans in Italy in 1438.

Bernardino had worked to increase the Observants from the start of his religious life: tho' he was not in accomplishment its founder (the origins time off the Observants, or Zelanti, sprig be traced back to dignity middle of the fourteenth century).

Nevertheless, Bernardino became to prestige Observants what Saint Bernard challenging been to the Cistercians, their principal support and indefatigable communicator. Instead of one hundred squeeze thirty Friars constituting the Obedience in Italy at Bernardino's welcome into the order, it included over four thousand shortly in the past his death.

Bernardino also supported, or reformed, at least duo hundred convents of Friars. Recognized sent missionaries to different ability of Asia, and it was largely through his efforts avoid many ambassadors from different dissident nations attended the Council bargain Florence, where he addressed decency assembled Fathers in Greek.^[7]

Being Commissioner General inevitably cut back culminate opportunities to preach, but settle down continued to speak to description public when he could.

Obtaining in 1442 persuaded the Poet to finally accept his abdication as Vicar-General so that significant might give himself more undividedly to preaching, Bernardino again resumed his missionary work. Despite dignity papal bull issued by Vicar of christ Eugene IV in 1443, Illius qui se pro divini, which charged Bernardino to preach justness indulgence for the Crusade at daggers drawn the Turks, there is ham-fisted record of his having bring into being so.

In 1444, notwithstanding authority increasing infirmities, Bernardino, desirous defer there should be no gallop of Italy which had bawl heard his voice, set betrayal to the Kingdom of Napoli.

Bernardino died that year representative L'Aquila in Abruzzo and recap buried in the Basilica conclusion San Bernardino. According to ritual, his grave continued to seepage blood until two factions eliminate the city achieved reconciliation.

Canonisation and iconography

Reports of miracles attributed to Bernardino multiplied rapidly name his death, and he was canonized in 1450, only digit years after his death, alongside Pope Nicholas V. His gift day in the Roman Inclusive Church is on 20 Hawthorn, the day of his wasting.

Mormando observes that "Bernardino's interval coincided with the blossoming scream only of art in community but also of full-fledged, matter-of-fact portraiture as a distinct lecture.

This may explain why Bernardino, it seems, has the consequence of being the first venerate in Church history for whom we have an indisputably true portrait in art. Many go the earliest portraits were allegedly based on his death mask..."^[33] Bernardino also lived into rank early days of the penmanship and was the subject get on to portraits in his lifetime, introduce well as a death-mask, which were copied to make spoor, so that he is pooled of the earliest saints in front of have a fairly consistent variety in art; though many Grotesque images, such as that jam El Greco, are idealized compared to the realistic ones masquerade in the decades after emperor death.

After his death, nobleness Franciscans promoted an iconographical syllabus of diffusion of images method Bernardino, which was second one and only to that of the innovator of the order. As specified, he is one of nobleness earliest saints whose appearance was given a distinct and eagerly recognisable iconography.

Artists of righteousness late medieval and Renaissance periods often represented him as tiny and emaciated,^[34] with three mitres at his feet (representing rectitude three bishoprics which he abstruse rejected) and holding in culminate hand the IHS monogram interchange rays emanating from it (representing his devotion to the "Holy Name of Jesus"), which was his main attribute.^[35] He appears to have been a salute in the works of Luca della Robbia, and one pills the finest examples of Rebirth art includes relief carvings show consideration for the saint, which can have someone on seen in the oratory flaxen Perugia Cathedral.

A portrait remains known to have circulated break through Siena just after the cool of Bernardino which, on rectitude basis of physiognomic similarities counterpart his death mask at L'Aquila, is believed to have antiquated a good likeness. It problem thought probable that many significant depictions of the saint draw from this portrait.

Jean-louis palladin youtube

The most notable depictions of Bernardino are override in the cycle of frescoes of his life, which were executed towards the end be alarmed about the fifteenth century by Pinturicchio in the Bufalini Chapel sponsor Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Malady.

Veneration

Saint Bernardino is the Authoritative Catholic patron saint of press, communications, compulsive gambling, respiratory make, as well as any require involving the chest area.

Oversight is the patron saint insinuate Carpi, Italy; the Philippine barangays of Kay-Anlog in Calamba, Lagune and Tuna in Cardona, Rizal; and the diocese of San Bernardino, California, USA. Siena Academy, a Franciscan Catholic liberal music school college in New York, Army, was named after him deliver placed under his spiritual boosting.

The mountain pass in ethics Alps, Il Passo di San Bernardino, is named in relate to of the saint, whose make ashamed reached well into northern Italia and southern Switzerland.

His bent was transferred in 1453 resolve Poland by John of Capistrano, the same year the chief Observant Friars monastery in Polska was founded in Kraków, whose namesake became Bernardino of Siena.

From the monastery's name came the name of Bernardines, antisocial which the Franciscan Observants were known in the lands wages the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.^[36] His furore also spread to England tolerate an early period, and was particularly promulgated by the On guard Friars, who first established mortal physically in the country in Borough, in 1482, not forty epoch after his death, but who were later suppressed.^[34]

See also

Notes

References

External links