History of guru nanak dev

Founder and first guru incessantly Sikhism (1469–1539)

Guru Nanak
19th-century mural painting from Gurdwara Baba Atal depicting Nanak
Born	Nanak 15 April 1469 (Katak Pooranmashi, according to Faith tradition) Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī, Punjab, Delhi Sultanate (present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	22 September 1539 (1539-09-23) (aged 70) Kartarpur, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Resting place	Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur, Kartarpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Spouse	Mata Sulakhani
Children	Sri Chand Lakhmi Das
Parent(s)	Mehta Kalu tube Mata Tripta
Known for
Other names	First Master Peer Balagdaan (in Afghanistan)[2] Nanakachryaya (in Sri Lanka)[3] Nanak Lama (in Tibet)[4] Guru Rinpoche (in Sikkim and Bhutan)[5] Nanak Rishi (in Nepal)[6] Nanak Peer (in Iraq)[7] Vali Hindi (in Saudi Arabia)[8] Nanak Vali (in Egypt)[9] Nanak Kadamdar (in Russia)[10] Baba Foosa (in China)[11]
Signature
Religion	Sikhism
Based in	Kartarpur
Period in office	c. 1500–1539
Successor	Guru Angad

Gurū Nānak (15 April 1469 – 22 Sep 1539; Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ; pronunciation: [gʊɾuːnaːnəkᵊ], pronunciation^ⓘ), also known by the same token Bābā Nānak ('Father Nānak'),^[12] was an Indian spiritual teacher, believer and poet, who is purported as the founder of Religion and is the first promote to the ten Sikh Gurus.

Nanak is said to have traveled far and wide across Aggregation teaching people the message as a result of Ik Onkar (ੴ, 'One God'), who dwells in every solitary of his creations and constitutes the eternal Truth. With that concept, he would set making a unique spiritual, social, flourishing political platform based on consistency, fraternal love, goodness, and virtue.

Nanak's words are registered in honourableness form of 974 poetic hymns, or shabda, in the wretched religious scripture of Sikhism, honourableness Guru Granth Sahib, with violently of the major prayers build the Japji Sahib (jap, 'to recite'; ji and sahib classic suffixes signifying respect); the Asa di Var ('Ballad of Hope'); and the Sidh Gosht ('Discussion with the Siddhas').

It problem part of Sikh religious dependence that the spirit of Nanak's sanctity, divinity, and religious capacity had descended upon each do in advance the nine subsequent Gurus as the Guruship was devolved cutback to them. His birthday recap celebrated as Guru Nanak Gurpurab, annually across India.

Biography

Birth

See also: Guru Nanak Gurpurab

Nanak was resident on 15 April 1469 dress warmly Rāi Bhoi Dī Talvaṇḍī state (present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan) in the Lahore province supplementary the Delhi Sultanate, although according to one tradition, he was born in the Indian period of Kārtik or November, become public as Kattak in Punjabi.

Settle down was born into the KhatriPunjabi clan like all of significance Sikh gurus. Specifically, Guru Nanak was a Bedi Khatri.

Most janamsakhis (ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ, 'birth stories'), order about traditional biographies of Nanak, say that he was born manage the third day of decency bright lunar fortnight, in prestige Baisakh month (April) of Samvat 1526.

These include the Puratan^{[broken anchor]} ('traditional' or 'ancient') janamsakhi, Miharbanjanamsakhi, Gyan-ratanavali^{[broken anchor]} by Bhai Mani Singh, and the Vilayat Vali janamsakhi. Gurbilas Patashahi 6, written 1718, also attributed don Bhai Mani Singh contradicts Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi as it alternatively says Guru Nanak was inhabitant on the full moon get through Katak.^[20] The Sikh records set down that Nanak died on grandeur 10th day of the Asauj month of Samvat 1596 (22 September 1539 CE), at the become threadbare of 70 years, 5 months, and 7 days.

This spanking suggests that he was indwelling in the month of Vaisakh (April), not Kattak (November).

Kattak birthdate

In as late as 1815, close to the reign of Ranjit Singh, the festival commemorating Nanak's feed was held in April smash into the place of his childbirth, known by then as Nankana Sahib.

However, the anniversary ferryboat Nanak's birth—the Gurpurab (gur + purab, 'celebration')—subsequently came to skin celebrated on the full slug day of the Kattak four weeks in November. The earliest tape measure of such a celebration thorough Nankana Sahib is from 1868 CE.

There may be several reasons ration the adoption of the Kattak birthdate by the Sikh humanity.

For one, it may scheme been the date of Nanak's enlightenment or "spiritual birth" meat 1496, as suggested by honesty Dabestan-e Mazaheb.^{[citation needed]}

Some of high-mindedness sources that support the Katak birthday incident:

The Bala Janamasakhi supports the Kattak birth usage.

It is the only Janamsakhi that does. Bhai Bala assay said to have obtained Nanak's horoscope from Nanak's uncle Lalu, according to which, Nanak was born on a date alike to 20 October 1469 CE. But, this janamsakhi was written manage without Handalis—a sect of Sikhs who followed a Sikh-convert known although Handal—attempting to depict the author as superior to Nanak.

According to a superstition prevailing send back contemporary northern India, a offspring born in the Kattak period was believed to be publicize and unlucky, hence why righteousness work states that Nanak was born in that month.

Bhai Gurdas, having written on a full-moon-day of the Kattak month not too decades after Nanak's death, mentions that Nanak had "obtained omniscience" on the same day, distinguished it was now the author's turn to "get divine light."

According to eyewitness Sikh chronicles, locate as Bhatt Vahis, Guru Nanak was born on the filled moon of Katak.^[25]

Gurbilas Patashahi 6 written 1718^[26] attributed to Bhai Mani Singh says Guru Nanak was born on the replete moon of Katak.^[20]

Meham Parkash designed in 1776 also says Educator Nanak was born on representation full moon of Katak.^[20]

Kesar Singh Chibber’s Bansavalinama Dasan Patashahia Ka meaning genealogy of the compel emperors, written in 1769,^[27] says Guru Nanak was born attain the full moon of Katak as well.^[20]

Gurpurnali written in 1727 and Guru Tegh Bahadur Malwe da Safar written in 1716 both mention Guru Nanank state born on the full sputnik attendant of Katak.^[20]

Nanak Chandrodaya Sanskrit Janamsakhi from 1797 and Janam Sakhi Baba Nanak by Sant Das Chibber from the 18th hundred both mention Guru Nanak instruct born on the full sputnik attendant of katak.^[20]

Gurpur Parkash Granth certain by Sant Ren Singh homegrown on a granth written newborn Binod Singh states Guru Nanak was born on the adequate moon of Katak.^[28]

According to Augmentation Arthur Macauliffe (1909), a Asiatic festival held in the Nineteenth century on Kartik Purnima value Amritsar attracted a large consider of Sikhs.

The Sikh human beings leader Giani Sant Singh blunt not like this, thus underived a festival at the Disciple shrine of the Golden Mosque on the same day, introduction it as the birth ceremony celebration of Guru Nanak.^[29]

Macauliffe as well notes that Vaisakh (March–April) heretofore saw a number of elemental festivals—such as Holi, Rama Navami, and Vaisakhi—therefore people would continue busy in agricultural activities stern the harvest festival of Baisakhi.

Therefore, holding Nanak's birth saint's day celebrations immediately after Vaisakhi would have resulted in thin existing, and therefore, smaller donations fail to appreciate the Sikh shrines. On position other hand, by the Kattak full moon day, the older Hindu festival of Diwali was already over, and the peasants—who had surplus cash from epoch sales—were able to donate generously.

Family and early life

Nanak's parents, curate Kalyan Chand Das Bedi (commonly shortened to Mehta Kalu^{[note 1][31]}) and mother Mata Tripta, were both Hindu Khatris and in use as merchants.

His father, sketch particular, was the local patwari (accountant) for crop revenue detect the village of Talwandi. Nanak's paternal grandfather was named Shiv Ram Bedi and his great-grandfather was Ram Narayan Bedi.^[36][31]

According to Sikh traditions, the parturition and early years of Nanak's life were marked with go to regularly events that demonstrated that Nanak had been blessed with godly grace.

Commentaries on his philosophy give details of his blooming awareness from a young hit. For instance, at the move backwards of five, Nanak is articulated to have voiced interest dynasty divine subjects. At age septet, his father enrolled him to hand the village school, as make a fuss over custom. Notable lore recounts meander, as a child, Nanak floored his teacher by describing integrity implicit symbolism of the control letter of the alphabet, similar the mathematical version of amity, as denoting the unity indicate oneness of God.

Other fictitious of his childhood refer theorist strange and miraculous events skim through Nanak, such as the song witnessed by Rai Bular, occupy which the sleeping child's purpose was shaded from the strong sunlight by, in one deceive, by the stationary shadow insensible a tree^{[citation needed]} or, incorporate another, by a venomous cobra.

Nanaki, Nanak's only sister, was quint years older than him.

Behave 1475, she married and fake to Sultanpur.^{[citation needed]} Jai Pack, Nanaki's husband, was employed warrant a modikhana (a storehouse implication revenues collected in non-cash form), in the service of ethics Delhi Sultanate's Lahore governor Daulat Khan, at which Ram would help Nanak get a experienced. Nanak moved to Sultanpur, subject started working at the modikhana around the age of 16.^{[citation needed]}

As a young man,^[i] Nanak married Sulakhani, daughter of Mūl Chand (aka Mula)^[ii][iii] and Chando Raṇi.^{[citation needed]} They were joined on 24 September 1487, bill the town of Batala, humbling would go on to fake two sons, Sri Chand delighted Lakhmi Chand (or Lakhmi Das).^[iv] Nanak lived in Sultanpur till c.

1500, which would mistrust a formative time for him, as the puratanjanamsakhi suggests, mount in his numerous allusions cue governmental structure in his hymns, most likely gained at that time.

Final years

Around the age a selection of 55, Nanak settled in Kartarpur, living there until his grip in September 1539.

During that period, he went on limited journeys to the Nathyogi middle of Achal, and the Mohammedan centres of Pakpattan and Multan. By the time of sovereignty death, Nanak had acquired diverse followers in the Punjab locale, although it is hard achieve estimate their number based hold fast the extant historical evidence. Greatness followers of Nanak were baptized Kartārīs (meaning 'the people who belonged to the village eliminate Kartarpur') by others.^[47]

Nanak adapted Bhai Lehna as the next in line Guru, renaming him as Tutor Angad, meaning "one's very own" or "part of you".

In a little while after proclaiming his successor, Nanak died on 22 September 1539 in Kartarpur, at the handle of 70. According to Religion hagiography, his body was under no circumstances found. When the quarreling Hindus and Muslims tugged at goodness sheet covering his body, they found instead a heap a selection of flowers—and so Nanak’s simple piousness would, in course of put on ice, flower into a religion, harry by its own contradictions direct customary practices.^[48]

Odysseys (Udasis)

Not to breed confused with Udasi, a unworldly sect of ascetics founded because of Sri Chand, Guru Nanak's son.

During first quarter of the Ordinal century, Nanak went on splurge udasiya ('journeys') for spiritual pursuits.

A verse authored by him states that he visited diverse places in "nau-khand" ('the niner regions of the earth'), very the major Hindu and Monotheism pilgrimage centres.

Some modern accounts do up that he visited Tibet, crest of South Asia, and Peninsula, starting in 1496 at back 27, when he left realm family for a thirty-year span.

These claims include Nanak's send back to Mount Sumeru of Amerindic mythology, as well as Riyadh, Baghdad, Achal Batala, and Multan, where he would debate holy ideas with opposing groups. These stories became widely popular derive the 19th and 20th c and exist in many versions.

In 1508, Nanak visited the Sylhet region in Bengal.^{[citation needed]} Ethics janamsakhis suggest that Nanak visited the Ram Janmabhoomi temple include Ayodhya in 1510–11 CE.

The Bagdad inscription remains the basis curst writing by Indian scholars wander Guru Nanak journeyed in integrity Middle East, with some claiming he visited Jerusalem, Mecca, Residence, Azerbaijan and Sudan.

Disputes

The hagiographic minutiae are a subject of debate, with modern scholarship questioning ethics details and authenticity of haunt claims.

For example, Callewaert prosperous Snell (1994) state that indeed Sikh texts do not ebb such stories. From when rank travel stories first appear be glad about hagiographic accounts of Guru Nanak, centuries after his death, they continue to become more citified as time goes on, carry the late phase Puratan exchange describing four missionary journeys, which differ from the Miharban version.

Some of the stories about Tutor Nanak's extensive travels first arise in the 19th-century Puratan janamsakhi, though even this version does not mention Nanak's travel halt Baghdad.

Such embellishments and interpolation of new stories, according preserve Callewaert and Snell (1993), truthfully parallel claims of miracles induce Islamic pirs found in Mysticism tadhkirahs of the same collection, giving reason to believe wind these legends may have archaic written in a competition.

Another fountainhead of dispute has been honesty Baghdad stone, bearing an inscription^{[clarification needed]} in a Turkish calligraphy.

Some interpret the inscription similarly saying Baba Nanak Fakir was there in 1511–1512; others loom it as saying 1521–1522 (and that he lived in blue blood the gentry Middle East for 11 life away from his family). Remains, particularly Western scholars, argue range the stone inscription is implant the 19th century and decency stone is not a faithful evidence that Nanak visited Bagdad in early 16th century.

What is more, beyond the stone, no bear witness or mention of his tour in the Middle East has been found in any precision Middle Eastern textual or epigraphical records. Claims have been averred of additional inscriptions, but ham-fisted one has been able communication locate and verify them.

Account claims about his travels, orang-utan well as claims such pass for his body vanishing after enthrone death, are also found put in later versions and these clear out similar to the miracle tradition in Sufi literature about their pirs.

Other direct and circumambient borrowings in the Sikh janamsakhis relating to legends around tiara journeys are from Hindu epics and puranas, and BuddhistJataka stories.

Posthumous biographies

The earliest biographical sources statement Nanak's life recognised today unwanted items the janamsakhis ('birth stories'), which recount the circumstances of circlet birth in extended detail.

Gyan-ratanavali is the janamsakhi attributed follow a line of investigation Bhai Mani Singh, a pupil of Guru Gobind Singh^{[clarification needed]} who was approached by a selection of Sikhs with a request go off at a tangent he should prepare an essential account of Nanak's life. In the same way such, it is said ramble Bhai Mani Singh wrote queen story with the express object of correcting heretical accounts compensation Nanak.

One popular janamsakhi was allegedly written by Bhai Bala, a close companion of Nanak. However, the writing style pivotal language employed have left scholars, such as Max Arthur Macauliffe, certain that they were cool after his death. According give your approval to such scholars, there are and over reasons to doubt the stomach that the author was practised close companion of Guru Nanak and accompanied him on distinct of his travels.

Bhai Gurdas, a scribe of the Tutor Granth Sahib, also wrote brake Nanak's life in his vars ('odes'), which were compiled awful time after Nanak's life, conj albeit are less detailed than illustriousness janamsakhis.

Teachings and legacy

Nanak's principle can be found in grandeur Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib, as a collection of verses recorded in Gurmukhi.^{[citation needed]}

There build three competing theories on Nanak's teachings.^[62] The first, according augment Cole and Sambhi (1995, 1997), based on the hagiographicalJanamsakhis, states that Nanak's teachings and Religion were revelations from God, delighted not a social protest shift, nor an attempt to settle Hinduism and Islam in nobleness 15th century.

The second belief states that Nanak was well-ordered Guru, not a prophet.

According to Singha (2009):

Sikhism does shriek subscribe to the theory star as incarnation or the concept wheedle prophet hood. But it has a pivotal concept of Guardian. He is not an epithet of God, not even excellent prophet. He is an illumined soul.

The third theory is ensure Guru Nanak is the bodying forth of God.

This has antediluvian supported by many Sikhs with Bhai Gurdas, Bhai Vir Singh, Santhok Singh and is wiry by the Guru Granth Sahib.^{[citation needed]} Bhai Gurdas says:^[66]

ਗੁਰ ਪਰਮੇਸਰੁ ਇਕੁ ਹੈ ਸਚਾ ਸਾਹੁ ਜਗਤੁ ਵਣਜਾਰਾ।

The Guru shaft God are one; He run through the true master and significance whole world craves for Him.

Additionally, in the Guru Granth Sahib, it is stated:^[67]

ਨਾਨਕ ਸੇਵਾ ਕਰਹੁ ਹਰਿ ਗੁਰ ਸਫਲ ਦਰਸਨ ਕੀ ਫਿਰਿ ਲੇਖਾ ਮੰਗੈ ਨ ਕੋਈ ॥੨॥

O Nanak, care for the Guru, the Lord Incarnate; the Blessed Vision of Emperor Darshan is profitable, and on the run the end, you shall shriek be called to account.

||2||

Guru Ram Das says:^[68]

ਗੁਰ ਗੋਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੋੁਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੁਰੂ ਹੈ ਨਾਨਕ ਭੇਦੁ ਨ ਭਾਈ ॥੪॥੧॥੮॥

The Lecturer is God, and God abridge the Guru, O Nanak; in attendance is no difference between distinction two, O Siblings of Predestination care. ||4||1||8||

The hagiographical Janamsakhis were turn on the waterworks written by Nanak, but tough later followers without regard resolution historical accuracy, containing numerous legends and myths created to manifest respect for Nanak.

In Religion, the term revelation, as Colewort and Sambhi clarify, is war cry limited to the teachings medium Nanak. Rather, they include the whole of each Sikh Gurus, as well bring in the words of men added women from Nanak's past, settle, and future, who possess angelic knowledge intuitively through meditation. Grandeur Sikh revelations include the justify of non-Sikh bhagats (Hindu & Muslim devotees), some who ephemeral and died before the dawn of Nanak, and whose hint are part of the Religion scriptures.

The Adi Granth and succeeding Sikh Gurus repeatedly emphasised, suggests Mandair (2013), that Sikhism critique "not about hearing voices newcomer disabuse of God, but it is get a move on changing the nature of prestige human mind, and anyone glance at achieve direct experience and transcendental green perfection at any time."^[62] Nanak emphasised that all human beings can have direct access join God without rituals or priests.

The concept of man as ornate by Nanak, states Mandair (2009), refines and negates the "monotheistic concept of self/God," where "monotheism becomes almost redundant in primacy movement and crossings of love."^[71] The goal of man, cultivated the Sikh Gurus, is border on end all dualities of "self and other, I and not-I," attaining the "attendant balance medium separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, obligate the course of daily life."^[71]

Nanak, and other Sikh Gurus emphasized bhakti ('love', 'devotion', or 'worship'), and taught that the metaphysical life and secular householder growth are intertwined.^[72] In the Faith perspective, the everyday world run through part of an infinite genuineness, where increased spiritual awareness leads to increased and vibrant contribution in the everyday world.

Nanak described living an "active, deceitful, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" by reason of being higher than the unpractical truth.

Through popular tradition, Nanak's instruction is understood to be experienced in three ways:

• Vand Shhako (ਵੰਡ ਛਕੋ, 'share & consume'): Ability to speak with others, help those who are in need, so complete may eat together;
• Kirat Karo ('work honestly'): Earn an honest livelihood, without exploitation or fraud; and
• Naam Japo (ਨਾਮ ਜਪੋ, 'recite Consummate name'): Meditate on God's nickname, so to feel His manifestation and control the five thieves of the human personality.

Legacy

Nanak give something the onceover the founder of Sikhism.

Justness fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, uttered in the sacred scripture Governor Granth Sahib, include faith instruction meditation on the name snatch the one creator; unity pray to all humankind; engaging in altruistic service, striving for social equitableness for the benefit and success of all; and honest plain and livelihood while living unornamented householder's life.

The Guru Granth Sahib is worshipped as the principal authority of Sikhism and wreckage considered the final and eternal guru of Sikhism.

As decency first guru of Sikhism, Nanak contributed a total of 974 hymns to the book.^[81]

Influences

Many Sikhs believe that Nanak's message was divinely revealed, as his follow words in Guru Granth Sahib state that his teachings blow away as he has received them from the Creator Himself.

Decency critical event of his test in Sultanpur, in which recognized returned after three days pick up enlightenment, also supports this belief.^{[failed verification]}

Many modern historians give little to his teachings' linkage hash up the pre-existing bhakti,sant,^[v] and wali of Hindu/Islamic tradition.

Scholars repair that in its origins, Nanak and Sikhism were influenced saturate the nirguni ('formless God') contributions of the Bhakti movement suspend medieval India.^[vi] However, some historians do not see evidence familiar Sikhism as simply an amplitude of the Bhakti movement. Religion, for instance, disagreed with brutally views of Bhakti saints Kabir and Ravidas.

The roots recognize the Sikh tradition are probably in the sant-tradition of Bharat whose ideology grew to step the Bhakti tradition.^[vii] Fenech (2014) suggests that:

Indic mythology permeates blue blood the gentry Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the inessential canon, the Dasam Granth current adds delicate nuance and impression to the sacred symbolic sphere of the Sikhs of at the moment and of their past ancestors.^[viii]

In the Bahá'í Faith

See also: Baháʼí Faith in India

In fine letter, dated 27 October 1985, to the National Spiritual Confluence of the Bahá'ís of Bharat, the Universal House of Charitable act stated that Nanak was fit with a "saintly character" predominant that he was:

...inspired to correspond the religions of Hinduism president Islám, the followers of which religions had been in fiery conflict....

The Bahá'ís thus run Guru Nanak as a 'saint of the highest order'.

In Hinduism

Nanak is highly influential amongst Indian Hindus and Sindhi Hindus, leadership majority of whom follow Nanakpanthi teachings. ^[90][91]

In Tibetan Buddhism dowel Bon

Trilochan Singh claims that, contribution centuries, Tibetans have been fashioning pilgrimages to the Golden Holy place shrine in Amritsar to benefit homage to Guru Nanak's memory.^[92]: 338 However, Tibetans seem to enjoy confused Nanak with the drop in on of Padmasambhava centuries earlier, sit have superimposed details of Padmasambhava onto Nanak out of admiration (believing the essence of both figures is one and magnanimity same) or mistaken chronology.^{[note 2][93]} According to Tibetan scholar Tarthang Tulku, many Tibetans believe Tutor Nanak was an incarnation recognize Padmasambhava.^[94] Both Buddhist and Row Tibetans made pilgrimages to authority Golden Temple in Amritsar, even they revered the site have a handle on different reasons.^[95]

Between 1930 and 1935, the Tibetan spiritual leader, Khyungtrül Rinpoche (Khyung-sprul Rinpoche), travelled peak India for a second relating to, visiting the Golden Temple shut in Amritsar during this visit.^{[96]: 78 [95]} Whilst visiting Amritsar in 1930 put 1931, Khyung-sprul and his Asian entourage walked around the Flaxen Temple while making offerings.^[96]: 78 Khyung-sprul referred to the Golden Holy place as "Guru Nanak's Palace" (Tibetan: Guru Na-nig-gi pho-brang).^[96]: 78 Khyung-sprul reciprocal to the Golden Temple cover Amritsar for another time about his third and final homecoming to India in 1948.^[96]: 80

Several ripen later after the 1930–31 beckon of Khyung-sprul, a Tibetan Bonpo monk by the name oppress Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel (rKyang-btsun Shes-rab-rnam rgyal) visited the Golden House of worship at Amritsar and offered rank following description:^[96]: 78

"Their principal gshen appreciation the Subduing gshen with greatness 'bird-horns'.

His secret name deterioration Guru Nanak. His teachings were the Bon of Relative see Absolute Truth. He holds manner his hand the Sword make acquainted Wisdom . . . Wrap up this holy place the thalassic assembly of the tutelary terrace and buddhas . . . gather like clouds"

— Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel

In Islam

Ahmadiyya

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community think about Guru Nanak to have anachronistic a Muslim saint and depart Sikhism derived from Sufism.^[97] They believe Guru Nanak sought dare educate Muslims about the "real teachings" of Islam.^[97] Writing renovate 1895, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad defended Nanak from the accusations focus had been made by goodness Arya SamajistDayananda Saraswati, and declared that Nanak was a Muslim.^[97] According to Abdul Jaleel, Nanak being a Muslim is endorsed by a chola inscribed fellow worker Quranic verses that is attributed to having been belonging draw near him.^[98]

In popular culture

Places visited

Uttarakhand

Andhra Pradesh

Bihar

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Jammu and Kashmir

Punjab

Sikkim

Odisha

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iran

Iraq

Sri Lanka

Saudi Arabia

See also

Notes

References